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Nature Climate Change
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Arctic sea-ice change tied to its mean state through thermodynamic processes

Nature Climate Changevolume 8, pages599–603 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

One of the clearest manifestations of ongoing global climate change is the dramatic retreat and thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover1. While all state-of-the-art climate models consistently reproduce the sign of these changes, they largely disagree on their magnitude1,2,3,4, the reasons for which remain contentious3,5,6,7. As such, consensual methods to reduce uncertainty in projections are lacking7. Here, using the CMIP5 ensemble, we propose a process-oriented approach to revisit this issue. We show that intermodel differences in sea-ice loss and, more generally, in simulated sea-ice variability, can be traced to differences in the simulation of seasonal growth and melt. The way these processes are simulated is relatively independent of the complexity of the sea-ice model used, but rather a strong function of the background thickness. The larger role played by thermodynamic processes as sea ice thins8,9 further suggests that the recent10 and projected11 reductions in sea-ice thickness induce a transition of the Arctic towards a state with enhanced volume seasonality but reduced interannual volume variability and persistence, before summer ice-free conditions eventually occur. These results prompt modelling groups to focus their priorities on the reduction of sea-ice thickness biases.

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Fig. 1: Changing seasonality of Arctic sea-ice cover.
Fig. 2: Efficiency of growth and melt processes as a function of the mean state.
Fig. 3: Influence of mean state on sea-ice volume variability.
Fig. 4: Challenges in reducing uncertainties of sea-ice volume projections.

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Acknowledgements

The research leading to these results has received funding from the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS), and the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 projects APPLICATE (GA 727862) and PRIMAVERA (GA 641727). We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups (listed in theSupplementary Information) for producing and making available their model output. We acknowledge the CESM Large Ensemble Community Project and supercomputing resources provided by NSF/CISL/Yellowstone for access to the CESM-LE data. The authors thank C. M. Bitz and D. Notz for useful discussions, and F. Kauker for providing the ITRP data. The authors thank M. M. Holland and E. C. Hunke for the review of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research (TECLIM), Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    François Massonnet, Hugues Goosse, David Docquier & Thierry Fichefet

  2. Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain

    François Massonnet

  3. Sorbonne Universités (UPMC Paris 6), LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Paris, France

    Martin Vancoppenolle

  4. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth

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  1. François Massonnet

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  4. David Docquier

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  5. Thierry Fichefet

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  6. Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth

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Contributions

F.M., M.V. and H.G. designed the science plan. All authors contributed to the design of the study. F.M. assembled the data and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toFrançois Massonnet.

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Massonnet, F., Vancoppenolle, M., Goosse, H.et al. Arctic sea-ice change tied to its mean state through thermodynamic processes.Nature Clim Change8, 599–603 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0204-z

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