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Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa

Naturevolume 466, pages1098–1101 (2010)Cite this article

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Abstract

Global patterns of species richness and their structuring forces have fascinated biologists since Darwin1,2 and provide critical context for contemporary studies in ecology, evolution and conservation. Anthropogenic impacts and the need for systematic conservation planning have further motivated the analysis of diversity patterns and processes at regional to global scales3. Whereas land diversity patterns and their predictors are known for numerous taxa4,5, our understanding of global marine diversity has been more limited, with recent findings revealing some striking contrasts to widely held terrestrial paradigms6,7,8. Here we examine global patterns and predictors of species richness across 13 major species groups ranging from zooplankton to marine mammals. Two major patterns emerged: coastal species showed maximum diversity in the Western Pacific, whereas oceanic groups consistently peaked across broad mid-latitudinal bands in all oceans. Spatial regression analyses revealed sea surface temperature as the only environmental predictor highly related to diversity across all 13 taxa. Habitat availability and historical factors were also important for coastal species, whereas other predictors had less significance. Areas of high species richness were disproportionately concentrated in regions with medium or higher human impacts. Our findings indicate a fundamental role of temperature or kinetic energy in structuring cross-taxon marine biodiversity, and indicate that changes in ocean temperature, in conjunction with other human impacts, may ultimately rearrange the global distribution of life in the ocean.

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Figure 1:Patterns of species richness for individual taxa.
Figure 2:Global species richness and hotspots across taxa.
Figure 3:Diversity, SST and human impact overlap.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge contributions and sharing of data from L. Lucifora, V. Garcia, M. Kulbicki and P. Hull. We thank all the sources inSupplementary Tables 1 and 2 for making their data available. We are grateful to all OBIS data providers for making this study possible; seehttp://www.iobis.org for a full list. A. Rollo, G. Britten and D. Boyce provided technical help; W. Blanchard offered statistical advice. This paper builds on the efforts of all Census of Marine Life contributors, and long-term support from the Sloan Foundation. W.J. acknowledges support from NSF grants DBI-0960550 and BCS-0648733.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, B3H 4J1, Canada

    Derek P. Tittensor, Camilo Mora, Heike K. Lotze, Daniel Ricard & Boris Worm

  2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, 06520-8106, Connecticut, USA

    Walter Jetz

  3. Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 08901-8521, New Jersey, USA

    Edward Vanden Berghe

Authors
  1. Derek P. Tittensor

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  2. Camilo Mora

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  3. Walter Jetz

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  5. Daniel Ricard

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  6. Edward Vanden Berghe

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Contributions

B.W., H.K.L., D.P.T., W.J. and C.M. conceived the study, D.P.T, C.M., E.V.B., D.R., B.W. and H.K.L. compiled the data, D.P.T., W.J. and C.M. conducted the analyses, and all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toDerek P. Tittensor.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Figures S1-S6 with legends, Supplementary Tables S1-S8 and References. (PDF 2089 kb)

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Tittensor, D., Mora, C., Jetz, W.et al. Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa.Nature466, 1098–1101 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09329

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Editorial Summary

Marine biodiversity survey

Building on the decade-long Census of Marine Life project, a new global analysis of data on the distribution of 11,567 marine species from 13 different taxonomic groups, including zooplankton, plants, invertebrates, fishes and mammals, reveals temperature as a main correlate of biodiversity across the various taxa, with generally higher diversity in warmer waters. Two further distinct trends emerge: coastal species show maximum diversity in the Western Pacific, whereas ocean-dwelling species peak in the mid-latitudes. This contrasts with the situation for terrestrial species, where biodiversity peaks in the tropics.

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