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A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer

Naturevolume 461, pages495–500 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

In epithelial tissues, the lineage relationship between normal progenitor cells and cell type(s) of origin for cancer has been poorly understood. Here we show that a known regulator of prostate epithelial differentiation, the homeobox geneNkx3-1, marks a stem cell population that functions during prostate regeneration. Genetic lineage-marking demonstrates that rare luminal cells that express Nkx3-1 in the absence of testicular androgens (castration-resistant Nkx3-1-expressing cells, CARNs) are bipotential and can self-renewin vivo, and single-cell transplantation assays show that CARNs can reconstitute prostate ducts in renal grafts. Functional assays ofNkx3-1 mutant mice in serial prostate regeneration suggest thatNkx3-1 is required for stem cell maintenance. Furthermore, targeted deletion of thePten tumour suppressor gene in CARNs results in rapid carcinoma formation after androgen-mediated regeneration. These observations indicate that CARNs represent a new luminal stem cell population that is an efficient target for oncogenic transformation in prostate cancer.

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Figure 1:Expression ofNkx3-1 in epithelial cells of the intact, regressed and regenerated anterior prostate.
Figure 2:Bipotentiality and self-renewal of CARNsin vivo.
Figure 3:Generation of prostatic ducts in renal grafts by single lineage-marked CARNs.
Figure 4:Nkx3-1 mutants display prostate epithelial defects in a serial regeneration assay.
Figure 5:The CARN population contains a cell type of origin for prostate cancer.
Figure 6:Possible lineage relationships in the prostate epithelium.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. Kim for her initial observations onNkx3-1 expression in the regressed prostate, and C. Cordon-Cardo, E. Gelmann, C. Mendelsohn and B. Reizis for comments on the manuscript. We are also grateful to C. Bieberich, M. Capecchi, P. Chambon and F. Costantini for providing mice and reagents. This work was supported by grants from the NIH (C.A.-S. and M.M.S.), DOD Prostate Cancer Research Program (K.D.E., C.A.-S. and M.M.S.), and the NCI Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium.

Author Contributions X.W., M.K.-D., K.D.E., C.A.-S. and M.M.S. designed experiments, Y.P.-H. and S.M.P. generated mouse reagents, X.W., M.K.-D., K.D.E., D.W., H.Y. and M.V.H. performed experiments, and X.W., M.K.-D., C.A.-S. and M.M.S. wrote the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Kyriakos D. Economides, David Walker, Hailong Yu, M. Vivienne Halili & Ya-Ping Hu

    Present address: Present addresses: Department of Biological Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, USA (K.D.E.); Department of Molecular Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA (D.W.); Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, USA (H.Y.); Cardiovascular Diseases Group, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA (M.V.H.); Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, Skillman, New Jersey 08558, USA (Y.-P.H.); Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA (S.M.P.).,

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine,,

    Xi Wang, Marianna Kruithof-de Julio & Michael M. Shen

  2. Department of Genetics and Development,,

    Xi Wang, Marianna Kruithof-de Julio & Michael M. Shen

  3. Department of Urology, and,

    Cory Abate-Shen

  4. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA,

    Cory Abate-Shen

  5. Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine,,

    Xi Wang, Kyriakos D. Economides, David Walker, Hailong Yu, M. Vivienne Halili, Ya-Ping Hu, Sandy M. Price, Cory Abate-Shen & Michael M. Shen

  6. Department of Pediatrics, and,

    Xi Wang, David Walker, Hailong Yu, M. Vivienne Halili, Ya-Ping Hu, Sandy M. Price & Michael M. Shen

  7. Department of Medicine, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA,

    Kyriakos D. Economides & Cory Abate-Shen

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  1. Xi Wang

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Correspondence toMichael M. Shen.

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Wang, X., Julio, Md., Economides, K.et al. A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer.Nature461, 495–500 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08361

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Editorial Summary

Oncogenic potential in prostate cells

A rare luminal stem cell population, termed CARN cells, has been identified in the mouse prostate. CARN cells give rise to both luminal and basal cells during prostate tissue regeneration induced by androgen depletion. As well as providing self-renewal potential, these cells act as a target for oncogenic transformation: deletion of the tumour suppressor genePten in CARN cells leads to tumour development in the regenerating prostate. The ability of these cells to survive in the absence of androgens raises the possibility that androgen-independent cancer can arise from this population and that CARN cells might provide a route to therapeutic targeting of cells conferring the malignant features of aggressive prostate cancer.

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