(a) Motor response around 0.7 mA foot shocks of different length. (Left) Average response from −20 to 40 seconds. (Right) Maximum response from 0 to 5 seconds, time-locked to foot shock (F-Value = 0.64, p-value = 0.558).(b) Close-up of(a), showing motor response in a short time-interval around foot shock. (Left) Average response from −2 to 2 seconds. (Right) Maximum response from 0 to 1 second, excluding the stimulus time (F-value = 0.61, p-value = 0.572).(c) Same as(a) but for the photometry response. (Right) F-value = 0.93, p-value = 0.445.(d) Same as(b) but for photometry response. (Right) F-value = 1.89, p-value = 0.231.(e) Same as (a,c) for spiking activity. (Right) F-value = 8.57, p-value = 0.017(f) Same as (b,d) but for spiking activity and showing the minimum response instead of maximum. (Right) F-value = 1.38, p-value = 0.321. For quantification, we ran repeated measures ANOVAs with post-hoc two-tailed paired t-tests with bonferroni corrections (n = 4 mice). * denotes p < 0.05 after correction. Shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals. Box plots central value denotes the median, box bounds denote upper and lower quartiles and whiskers denote ±1.5 interquartile range.

Source data

(a) Derivative and population spiking response around lever press (n = 6 mice). (Left) Average response. (Right) Average response in baseline, stimulus and post-stimulus intervals (Signal~Interval F-Value = 0.33, p-value = 0.724).(b) Cross-correlations between the response of the population spiking and photometry (Left) and derivative (Right).(c) (Left) Maximum correlation between photometry and spiking (yellow), and derivative and spiking (pink); p-value = 0.053. (Right) Latency to maximum correlation (n = 6 mice); p-value = 0.027. (d–f) Same as (a-c) for air puff stimulus (n = 4 mice). (d, Right) Signal~Interval F-Value = 4.1, p-value = 0.075. (g-i) Same as (a-c, d-f) for foot shock stimulus (n = 5 mice); i-right: p-value = 0.013. (g, right) Signal~Interval F-Value = 22.22, p-value = 0.002. For quantification of (a,d,f), we ran a repeated measures ANOVA, with post-hoc two-tailed paired t-test with bonferroni corrections. For quantification of (c,f,h), we ran 2-tailed paired t-tests. * denotes p < 0.05. Line plots show mean±95% confidence interval. Error bars in (a,d,g right) denote standard deviation. Box plots central value denotes the median, box bounds denote upper and lower quartiles and whiskers denote ±1.5 interquartile range.

Source data

(a) Example photometry trace (top) and its derivative (bottom). Vertical lines represent 2 standard deviations.(b) Derivative and spiking response around photometry transients overlapping with a spiking burst (T + B). (Left) Average derivative response. (Middle) Average population spiking response. (Right) Maximum response (n = 7 mice, F-stat = 60.80, p-value = 1 × 10⁻⁵).(c) Correlations between maximum derivative (Der) and population spiking (Spk) response around T + B.(d) Example photometry trace (top) and its respective deconvolution (bottom). Vertical lines represent 2 standard deviations.(e) Same as(b) but for deconvolution instead of derivative (n = 7 mice, F-stat = 37.74, p-value = 1 × 10⁻⁵).(f) Correlations between maximum deconvolution (Dec) and population spiking (Spk) response around T + B. Shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals. Box plots central value denotes the median, box bounds denote upper and lower quartiles and whiskers denote ±1.5 interquartile range. For quantification of (b,e right), we used a repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc two-tailed paired t-tests with Bonferroni corrections. * denotes p < 0.05; *** denotes p < 0.001 after corrections.

Source data

(a) Frequency of identified events in photometry or spiking (n = 8 mice, p-value = 1.75 × 10⁻⁵).(b) Similarity of photometry and spiking events (n = 8 mice). (Left) Proportion of overlap between photometry and spiking events (p-value = 2.36 × 10⁻⁴). (Right) Jaccard similarity.(c) Time course of maximum spiking activity around transients that overlapped with bursts (T + B).(d) Average correlations between photometry and spiking responses atound T + B.(e) Photometry and spiking response around T + B or shuffled timestamps. (Left) Average photometry response T + B (yellow) or shuffled timestamps (gray). (Middle) Average spiking response around T + B (blue) or shuffled timestamps (gray). (Right) Average maximum photometry/spiking response (n = 8 mice, F-value = 20.68, p-value = 1 × 10⁻⁵).(f) Same as(e) but for transients that did not overlap with bursts (T + nB) (Right) (n = 8 mice, F-value = 41.63, p-value < 0.0001). For quantification of (a,b), we ran two-tailed paired t-tests. For quantification of (e,f), we ran a repeated measures ANOVA, with post-hoc two-tailed paired t-tests with bonferroni corrections. * denotes p < 0.05, ** denotes p < 0.01, *** denotes p < 0.001 after corrections. Shaded regions in(f) represent 95% confidence intervals. Box plots central value denotes the median, box bounds denote upper and lower quartiles and whiskers denote ±1.5 interquartile range.

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(a) Experimental setup: D1-Cre mice were injected with Cre-dependent GCaMP6s in the DMS and imaged with a headmounted miniscope.(b), Three signals were extracted from raw miniscope movies: 1) average of the entire field (pPhotom), 2) somatic signals (via CNMFe cell extraction), and 3) soma-sized regions (6 × 6 pixels) throughout the field.(c) Representative heatmap showing correlations among extracted somatic signals (bottom), and among each soma-sized pixel (top).(d) (Bottom) Distribution of all correlations among extracted cells or soma-sized pixels (n = 6 mice, 9 subfields/movies per mouse, 80 ± 12 extracted cells or soma-sized pixels per subfield). (Top) Boxplot showing distribution of correlations among extracted cells or soma-sized pixels per mouse (n = 6 mice).(e) (Bottom) Distribution of all correlations between extracted cells or soma-sized pixels with pPhotom (n = 6 mice, 9 subfields/movies per mouse, 80 ± 12 extracted cells or soma-sized pixels per subfield). (Top) Boxplot showing distribution of correlations between extracted cells or soma-sized pixels with pPhotom per mouse (n = 6 mice).(f) Correlation between extracted cells or soma-sized pixels with pPhotom as more cells or pixels were averaged. Shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals. Box plots central value denotes the median, box bounds denote upper and lower quartiles and whiskers denote ±1.5 interquartile range.

Source data

(a) Experimental set-up: we expressed GCaMP6s in the DMS and performed volumetric two-photon imaging of three consecutive optical planes.(b) The raw movie from optical plane 1 (OP1) was masked with somatic ROIs from either optical plane 1 only (OP1), or optical plane 1 and optical plane 2 (OP1 + 2), or from the three optical planes (OP1 + 2 + 3).(c) Correlations between the average signal of the raw movie (pPhotom) and the masked movies (n = 4 mice).(d) 2D-FFTs were used to test the contribution of different spatial frequencies. Top row shows an example of the transformation between the time and space domain without applying any bandpass filter. Bottom row shows the same process but applying a bandpass filter that includes only the signal that is between 0 and 2 cycles per frame (full-frame).(e) Correlations between the pPhotom signal and signal from different spatial frequencies (bin-width = 2 cycles/frame). Line plots show mean±95% confidence interval. Box plots central value denotes the median, box bounds denote upper and lower quartiles and whiskers denote ±1.5 interquartile range.

Source data

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Fig. 1.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Fig. 2.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Fig. 3.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Extended Data Fig. 1.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Extended Data Fig. 1.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Extended Data Fig. 1.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Extended Data Fig. 1.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Extended Data Fig. 1.

Contains csv files with source data for all panels of Extended Data Fig. 1.