a, Representative fluoroscopy images of autologous blood flow (ECMO intervention, up) or a mixture of autologous blood and the perfusate (OrganEx intervention, below) in the head captured after 3 and 6 h respectively of perfusion, showing robust restoration of the circulation in the OrganEx group. A contrast catheter was placed in the left common carotid artery (CCA), except in the ECMO group at 6 h timepoint where contrast catheter could not be advanced beyond aortic arch in to the left CCA due to pronounced vasoconstriction, thus resulting in bilateral CCA filling.n = 6.b, Representative colour Doppler images of the CCA demonstrating robust flow in OrganEx group. Ultrasound waveform analysis demonstrated that OrganEx produced pulsatile, biphasic flow pattern (lower panel). SCM, sternocleidomastoid muscle; RI, resistive index.n = 6.c, Longitudinal change in arterial and venous cannula pressures throughout the perfusion demonstrating robust perfusion in OrganEx group.d, Time-dependent changes in oxygen delivery and consumption demonstrating increased oxygen delivery and stable oxygen consumption over the perfusion period in OrganEx group.n = 6.e, Presence of classical signs of death (rigor and livor mortis) in ECMO as compared to OrganEx group at the experimental endpoint. Data presented are mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed unpaired t-test was performed. For more detailed information on statistics and reproducibility, see methods. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

a, Representative images of Nissl staining of the CA1 (up) and PFC (below).b,c, Quantification of the number of cells per standardized area (b) and percentage of ellipsoid cells per area (c) in the CA1 between the experimental groups.d,e, Quantification of the number of cells per standardized area (d) and percentage of ellipsoid cells per area (e) in the PFC between the experimental groups.n = 3.f,h, Representative confocal images of immunofluorescent staining for neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP), and microglia (IBA1) counterstained with DAPI nuclear stain in CA1 (f) and PFC (h).g, Quantification of GFAP immunoreactivity in hippocampal CA1 region depicting comparable immunoreactivity between OrganEx and 0h WIT group, with a significant increase compared to the other groups.i,j,k,l, Quantification of NeuN immunolabeling intensity (i), number of GFAP+ fragments (j), and number of GFAP+ cells (k) depict similar trends between the groups as seen in the CA1. Microglia number (l) shows comparable results between OrganEx and 0h WIT with different dynamics seen in the ECMO group.n = 3. Scale bars, 50 μm. Data presented are mean ± s.e.m. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett’s adjustments was performed. For more detailed information on statistics and reproducibility, see methods. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

a, Representative images of the H&E staining in heart, kidney, liver, lungs, and pancreas. Arrows point to nuclear damage, asterisks point to disrupted tissue integrity, empty arrowheads point to haemorrhage, full arrowheads point to cell vacuolization, double arrows point to tissue oedema.b,c, H&E histopathological scores in lungs (b) and pancreas (c).d, Representative images of PAS staining of the kidney. Arrows point to disrupted brush border, full arrowheads point to the presence of casts, asterisks point to tubular dilation, double arrows point to the Bowman space dilation.e, Kidney PAS histopathological damage score. n = 5.f,h, Representative confocal images of immunofluorescent staining for HAVCR1 and Ki-67 in kidney, respectively.g, Quantification of HAVCR1 immunolabeling signal intensity.i,j, Quantification of the kidney Ki-67 positive staining. HACVR1 and Ki-67 immunolabeling quantification results follow a similar pattern seen with other organs with comparable results between 0h WIT and OrganEx group and significant decrease in the 7h WIT and ECMO groups. n = 3. Scale bars,100 μm. Data presented are mean ± s.e.m. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett’s adjustments was performed. For more detailed information on statistics and reproducibility, see methods. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

a,f,k,n, Representative confocal images of immunofluorescent staining for activated caspase 3 (actCASP3) and TUNEL assay in heart, liver, kidney, pancreas and brain.b-e, Quantification of actCASP3 immunolabeling signal intensity in heart (b), liver (c), kidney (d), and pancreas (e).n = 3.g-j, Normalized total intensity of TUNEL signal in heart (g), liver (h), kidney (i), and pancreas (j).n = 3.l,m, Percentage of actCASP3 positively stained nuclei in the CA1 (l) and PFC (m). n = 5.o,p, Normalized total intensity of TUNEL signal in CA1 (o) and PFC (p). n = 5. Scale bars, 50 μm. Data presented are mean ± s.e.m. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett’s adjustments was performed. For more detailed information on statistics and reproducibility, see methods. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

a,f,k, Representative confocal images of immunofluorescent staining for pyroptosis marker IL-1B, necroptosis marker RIPK3, and ferroptosis marker GPX4, each co-stained with DAPI nuclear stain in CA1, heart, liver, and kidney.b-e, Quantification of IL-1B immunolabeling signal intensity in CA1 (b), heart (c), liver (d), and kidney (e). n = 3.g-j, Quantification of RIPK3 positive intranuclear co-staining in CA1 (g), and immunolabeling signal intensity heart (h), liver (i), kidney (j). n = 3.l-o, Quantification of GPX4 immunolabeling signal intensity in CA1 (l), heart (m), liver (n), and kidney (o). n = 3. Scale bars, 50 μm left and right panels. Data presented are mean ± s.e.m. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett’s adjustments was performed. For more detailed information on statistics and reproducibility, see methods. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. IN, intranuclear.

a, Placement of EEG electrodes on the porcine scalp.b, Representative snapshot of the EEG recordings after administration of anaesthesia and before the induction of cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation.c, Representative snapshot of the EEG recordings immediately following the ventricular fibrillation.d, Representative snapshot of the EEG during ECMO intervention at around 2h of perfusion protocol.e, Representative snapshot of the EEG during OrganEx intervention at around 2h of perfusion protocol, showing a light pulsatile artefact.f,g, Representative snapshot of the EEG recordings following contrast injection at 3h in ECMO and OrganEx animals, respectively. OrganEx EEG snapshot is consistent with a possible muscle-movement artefact. GND, ground electrode; REF, reference electrode.h,i, Representative confocal images of AHA through Click-iT chemistry in newly synthesized proteins with DAPI nuclear stain in the long-term organotypic hippocampal slice culture in CA3 (h) and DG (i) subregions.j,k, Relative intensity of nascent protein around nuclei in hippocampal CA3 (j) and DG (k) region showing comparable protein synthesis between OrganEx and 0h WIT up to 14 days in culture. n = 3-5.l, Representative confocal images of immunofluorescent staining for troponin I in the heart.m, Quantification of troponin I immunolabeling signal intensity in heart. A decreased trend in immunolabeling intensity was observed with ischaemia time and a significant decrease in immunolabeling intensity in ECMO compared to the OrganEx group.n = 3.n, Representative confocal images of immunofluorescent staining for factor V in liver.o, Quantification of factor V immunolabeling signal intensity in liver follows a similar pattern seen with other organs with comparable results between 0h WIT, 1h WIT, and OrganEx group and a significant decrease in 7h WIT and ECMO groups.n = 3. Scale bars, 50 μm. Data presented are mean ± s.e.m. For more detailed information on statistics and reproducibility, see methods. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. AU, arbitrary units.

Through transcriptomic integration and iterative clustering, we generated a taxonomy of t-types in healthy organs and brain, heart, liver, and kidney that experienced ischaemia (1h WIT, 7h WIT, ECMO and OrganEx), representing presumptive major cell types across organs of interest. These major t-types were further subdivided into high-resolution subclusters that were transcriptomically comparable to publicly available human single-cell datasets and that were marked by distinct expression profiles (c-f)^51,52,53,54.a, Bar plot showing the number of cells/nuclei across organs and biological replicates.b, Violin plot showing the distribution of the number of unique molecular identifiers – UMIs (upper panel) and genes (lower panel) detected across all biological replicates.c-f, respective analyses of snRNA-seq in the hippocampus (c), heart (d), liver (e), and kidney (f). The left upper corner depicts detailed UMAP layout showing all t-types in the respective organs. The right side depicts the expression of top t-type markers. The left lower corner depicts transcriptomic correlation between the t-type taxonomy defined in this study and that of previous human and mouse datasets^51,52,53,54. c., cells; LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; end., endothelium; prog., progenitor; perit., peritubular; TAL, thick ascending limb; dend., dendritic; CNT, connecting tubule.

a-d, From left to right: UMAP layout showing major t-types; UMAP layout, coloured by Augur cell type prioritization (AUC) between 0h WIT compared to 1h (up) and 7h WIT (down); statistical comparison of Augur AUC scores between 0h WIT and 1h (up) and 7h (down) of WIT; Volcano plot showing top DEGs in major annotated t-types between 0h and 1h WIT (up), or 0h and 7h WIT (down); GO terms associated with the genes up and downregulated in detected nuclei between 0h and 1h WIT (up), or 0h and 7h WIT (down) with their nominalP-value in respective major annotated t-types.

a, AUC scores of the Augur cell type prioritization between OrganEx and other groups.b, Volcano plot showing DEGs in hippocampal neurons between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO.c, Trajectories of hippocampal neurons. Colour indicates different experimental groups.d, Sankey plot showing perfusate components and violin plots showing their effects on hippocampal neurons between the OrganEx and ECMO groups.e, Hierarchical clustering of the top DEGs across experimental groups and derived functional gene modules (upper left). Eigengene average expression trends exhibit distinct trends between ECMO and OrganEx groups (lower left) of modules whose enriched GO terms are predominantly related to cellular function (right) (Supplementary Table5).f, Expression of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in neurons.g, Gene expression enrichment of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in neurons.h, Stacked bar plot showing relative information flow for each signalling pa pathway across experimental group pairs. Significant signalling pathways were ranked based on differences in the overall information flow within the inferred networks between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey.i, Overall signalling patterns across all experimental conditions. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey. Necro-1, necrostatin-1; Mino, minocycline; DEXA, dexamethasone; Met. B, methylene blue; GEE, Glutathione Ethyl Ester. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: not significant.

a, AUC scores of the Augur cell type prioritization between OrganEx and other groups.b, Volcano plot showing the DEGs in cardiomyocytes between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO.c, Trajectories of heart cardiomyocytes. Colour indicates different experimental groups.d, Sankey plot showing perfusate components and violin plots showing their effects on cardiomyocytes between the OrganEx and ECMO groups.e, Hierarchical clustering of the top DEGs across experimental groups and derived functional gene modules (upper left). Eigengene average expression trends exhibit distinct trends between ECMO and OrganEx groups (lower left) of modules whose enriched GO terms are predominantly related to cellular function (right) (Supplementary Table5).f, Expression of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in cardiomyocytes.g, Gene expression enrichment of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in cardiomyocytes.h, Stacked bar plot showing relative information flow for each signalling pathway across experimental group pairs. Significant signalling pathways were ranked based on differences in the overall information flow within the inferred networks between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey.i, Overall signalling patterns across all experimental conditions. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey. Necro-1, necrostatin-1; Mino, minocycline; DEXA, dexamethasone; Met. B, methylene blue; GEE, Glutathione Ethyl Ester. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: not significant.

a, AUC scores of the Augur cell type prioritization between OrganEx and other groups.b, Volcano plot showing DEGs in hepatocytes between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO.c, Trajectories of liver hepatocytes. Colour indicates different experimental groups.d, Sankey plot showing perfusate components and violin plots showing their effects on hepatocytes between the OrganEx and ECMO.e, Hierarchical clustering of the top DEGs across experimental groups and derived functional gene modules (upper left). Eigengene average expression trends exhibit distinct trends between ECMO and OrganEx groups (lower left) of modules whose enriched GO terms are predominantly related to cellular function or cell death (right) (Supplementary Table5).f, Expression of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in hepatocytes.g, Gene expression enrichment of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in hepatocytes.h, Stacked bar plot showing relative information flow for each signalling pathway across experimental group pairs. Significant signalling pathways were ranked based on differences in the overall information flow within the inferred networks between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey.i, Overall signalling patterns across all experimental conditions. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey. Necro-1, necrostatin-1; Mino, minocycline; DEXA, dexamethasone; Met. B, methylene blue; GEE, Glutathione Ethyl Ester. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: not significant.

a, AUC scores of the Augur cell type prioritization between OrganEx and other groups.b, Volcano plot showing DEGs in PCT between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO.c, Trajectories of kidney PCTs. Colour indicates pseudotime progression and different cell states, respectively.d, Sankey plot showing perfusate components and violin plots showing their effects on PCT between the OrganEx and ECMO groups.e, Hierarchical clustering of the top DEGs across experimental groups and derived functional gene modules (upper left). Eigengene average expression trends exhibit distinct trends between ECMO and OrganEx groups (lower left) of modules whose enriched GO terms are predominantly related to cellular function or cell death (right) (Supplementary Table5).f, Expression of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in PCT.g, Gene expression enrichment of the genes involved in cell-death pathways in PCT.h, Stacked bar plot showing relative information flow for each signalling pathway across experimental group pairs. Significant signalling pathways were ranked based on differences in the overall information flow within the inferred networks between OrganEx and 0h WIT, 1h WIT, 7h WIT, and ECMO. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey.i, Overall signalling patterns across all experimental conditions. Genes important in inflammation are highlighted grey. PCT, proximal convoluted tubules; DCT, distal convoluted tubules; Necro-1, necrostatin-1; Mino, minocycline; DEXA, dexamethasone; Met. B, methylene blue; GEE, Glutathione Ethyl Ester. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, NS: not significant.

List of the components with respective concentrations that are included in the OrganEx perfusate.

List of the components with respective concentrations that are included in the priming solution.

List of the components with respective concentrations that are included in the haemodiafiltration exchange solution.

List of genes used for comparing their average expression in the analysis of the perfusate effect.

List of enriched GO terms derived from hierarchical clustering of the top DEGs across experimental groups.