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Nature Plants
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The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon

Nature Plantsvolume 4, pages540–547 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

The legacy of pre-Columbian land use in the Amazonian rainforest is one of the most controversial topics in the social1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 and natural sciences11,12. Until now, the debate has been limited to discipline-specific studies, based purely on archaeological data8, modern vegetation13, modern ethnographic data3 or a limited integration of archaeological and palaeoecological data12. The lack of integrated studies to connect past land use with modern vegetation has left questions about the legacy of pre-Columbian land use on the modern vegetation composition in the Amazon, unanswered11. Here, we show that persistent anthropogenic landscapes for the past 4,500 years have had an enduring legacy on the hyperdominance of edible plants in modern forests in the eastern Amazon. We found an abrupt enrichment of edible plant species in fossil lake and terrestrial records associated with pre-Columbian occupation. Our results demonstrate that, through closed-canopy forest enrichment, limited clearing for crop cultivation and low-severity fire management, long-term food security was attained despite climate and social changes. Our results suggest that, in the eastern Amazon, the subsistence basis for the development of complex societies began ~4,500 years ago with the adoption of polyculture agroforestry, combining the cultivation of multiple annual crops with the progressive enrichment of edible forest species and the exploitation of aquatic resources. This subsistence strategy intensified with the later development of Amazonian dark earths, enabling the expansion of maize cultivation to the Belterra Plateau, providing a food production system that sustained growing human populations in the eastern Amazon. Furthermore, these millennial-scale polyculture agroforestry systems have an enduring legacy on the hyperdominance of edible plants in modern forests in the eastern Amazon. Together, our data provide a long-term example of past anthropogenic land use that can inform management and conservation efforts in modern Amazonian ecosystems.

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Fig. 1: Regional study area.
Fig. 2 : Compiled data summary.
Fig. 3: A conceptual landscape drawing of the changing vegetation and disturbance regimes.

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this research was supported by the PAST (Pre-Columbian Amazon-Scale Transformations) European Research Council Consolidator Grant to J.I. (ERC_Cog 616179). Research was conducted under permit 01506.004836/2014-69 from the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN) and ICMBio permit 106/14-FNT. We thank all residents of the Maguarí and Jamaraquá community for their hospitality and help.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    S. Yoshi Maezumi, Daiana Alves, Mark Robinson, Jonas Gregorio de Souza & José Iriarte

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil

    Carolina Levis

  3. Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Carolina Levis

  4. Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Robert L. Barnett & Dunia Urrego

  5. Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus of Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

    Edemar Almeida de Oliveira

  6. Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil

    Denise Schaan

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  1. S. Yoshi Maezumi

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Contributions

J.I., S.Y.M. and D.S. designed the research. S.Y.M., J.I., D.A. and M.R. carried out the palaeoecological and archaeological fieldwork. E.A.d.O. carried out the botanical inventories. S.Y.M. carried out the pollen, charcoal, geochemistry and magnetic susceptibility analyses. D.A. carried out the analysis of the archaeological data. R.L.B. built the age-model chronology. J.G.d.S. compiled and analysed the archaeological radiocarbon dates. C.L. carried out the analysis of the modern vegetation and compiled the list of edible plants. S.Y.M. and J.I. led the writing of the paper with inputs from all other authors.

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Correspondence toS. Yoshi Maezumi.

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Maezumi, S.Y., Alves, D., Robinson, M.et al. The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon.Nature Plants4, 540–547 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0205-y

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