- Review Article
- Published:
The TREM receptor family and signal integration
Nature Immunologyvolume 7, pages1266–1273 (2006)Cite this article
8938Accesses
17Altmetric
Abstract
TREM proteins are a family of cell surface receptors that participate in diverse cell processes, including inflammation, bone homeostasis, neurological development and coagulation. TREM-1, the first to be identified, acts to amplify inflammation. Other TREM proteins regulate the differentiation and function of macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells, osteoclasts and platelets. Here we discuss the state of the field, putative ligands of TREM proteins and the challenges that remain in understanding TREM biology.
This is a preview of subscription content,access via your institution
Access options
Subscription info for Japanese customers
We have a dedicated website for our Japanese customers. Please go tonatureasia.com to subscribe to this journal.
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout




Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bouchon, A., Dietrich, J. & Colonna, M. Cutting edge: inflammatory responses can be triggered by TREM-1, a novel receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes.J. Immunol.164, 4991–4995 (2000).
Daws, M.R., Lanier, L.L., Seaman, W.E. & Ryan, J.C. Cloning and characterization of a novel mouse myeloid DAP12-associated receptor family.Eur. J. Immunol.31, 783–791 (2001).
Chung, D.H., Seaman, W.E. & Daws, M.R. Characterization of TREM-3, an activating receptor on mouse macrophages: definition of a family of single Ig domain receptors on mouse chromosome 17.Eur. J. Immunol.32, 59–66 (2002).
Gordon, S. & Taylor, P.R. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.Nat. Rev. Immunol.5, 953–964 (2005).
Schmid, C.D. et al. Heterogeneous expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 on adult murine microglia.J. Neurochem.83, 1309–1320 (2002).
Sessa, G. et al. Distribution and signaling of TREM2/DAP12, the receptor system mutated in human polycystic lipomembraneous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy dementia.Eur. J. Neurosci.20, 2617–2628 (2004).
Bouchon, A., Hernandez-Munain, C., Cella, M. & Colonna, M.A. DAP12-mediated pathway regulates expression of CC chemokine receptor 7 and maturation of human dendritic cells.J. Exp. Med.194, 1111–1122 (2001).
Paloneva, J. et al. TREM-2 mutations in presenile dementia, PLOSL.Am. J. Hum. Genet.71, 656–662 (2002).
Paloneva, J. et al. DAP12/TREM2 deficiency results in impaired osteoclast differentiation and osteoporotic features.J. Exp. Med.198, 669–675 (2003).
Cella, M. et al. Impaired differentiation of osteoclasts in TREM-2-deficient individuals.J. Exp. Med.198, 645–651 (2003).
Washington, A.V., Quigley, L. & McVicar, D.W. Initial characterization of TREM-like transcript (TLT)-1: a putative inhibitory receptor within the TREM cluster.Blood100, 3822–3824 (2002).
Allcock, R.J., Barrow, A.D., Forbes, S., Beck, S. & Trowsdale, J. The human TREM gene cluster at 6p21.1 encodes both activating and inhibitory single IgV domain receptors and includes NKp44.Eur. J. Immunol.33, 567–577 (2003).
Clark, G.J., Green, B.J. & Hart, D.N. The CMRF-35H gene structure predicts for an independently expressed member of an ITIM/ITAM pair of molecules localized to human chromosome 17.Tissue Antigens55, 101–109 (2000).
Green, B.J., Clark, G.J. & Hart, D.N. The CMRF-35 mAb recognizes a second leukocyte membrane molecule with a domain similar to the poly Ig receptor.Int. Immunol.10, 891–899 (1998).
Aguilar, H. et al. Molecular characterization of a novel immune receptor restricted to the monocytic lineage.J. Immunol.173, 6703–6711 (2004).
Chung, D.H. et al. CMRF-35-like molecule-1, a novel mouse myeloid receptor, can inhibit osteoclast formation.J. Immunol.171, 6541–6548 (2003).
Jackson, D.G., Hart, D.N., Starling, G. & Bell, J.I. Molecular cloning of a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily homologous to the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor.Eur. J. Immunol.22, 1157–1163 (1992).
Viertlboeck, B.C., Schmitt, R. & Göbel, T.W. The chicken immunoregulatory receptor families SIRP, TREM, and CMRF35/CD300L.Immunogenetics58, 180–190 (2006).
Stet, R.J. et al. Novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts in teleost fish encode polymorphic receptors with cytoplasmic ITAM or ITIM and a new structural Ig domain similar to the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44.Immunogenetics57, 77–89 (2005).
Radaev, S., Kattah, M., Rostro, B., Colonna, M. & Sun, P.D. Crystal structure of the human myeloid cell activating receptor TREM-1.Structure11, 1527–1535 (2003).
Kelker, M.S. et al. Crystal structure of human triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) at 1.47 A.J. Mol. Biol.342, 1237–1248 (2004).
Kelker, M.S., Debler, E.W. & Wilson, I.A. Crystal structure of mouse triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) at 1.76 A.J. Mol. Biol.344, 1175–1181 (2004).
Gattis, J.L. et al. The structure of the extracellular domain of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells like transcript-1 and evidence for a naturally occurring soluble fragment.J. Biol. Chem.281, 13396–13403 (2006).
Vivier, E., Nunes, J.A. & Vely, F. Natural killer cell signaling pathways.Science306, 1517–1519 (2004).
McVicar, D.W. & Burshtyn, D.N. Intracellular signaling by the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and Ly49.Sci. STKE2001, RE1 (2001).
Lanier, L.L. Natural killer cell receptor signaling.Curr. Opin. Immunol.15, 308–314 (2003).
Hamerman, J.A. et al. Cutting edge: Inhibition of TLR and FcR responses in macrophages by triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2 and DAP12.J. Immunol.177, 2051–2055 (2006).
Turnbull, I.R. et al. Cutting edge: TREM-2 attenuates macrophage activation.J. Immunol.177, 3520–3524 (2006).
Hamerman, J.A. & Lanier, L.L. Inhibition of immune responses by ITAM-bearing receptors.Sci. STKE2006, re1 (2006).
Blasius, A.L. & Colonna, M. Sampling and signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells: the potential roles of Siglec-H.Trends Immunol.27, 255–260 (2006).
Barrow, A.D. & Trowsdale, J. You say ITAM and I say ITIM, let's call the whole thing off: the ambiguity of immunoreceptor signalling.Eur. J. Immunol.36, 1646–1653 (2006).
Washington, A.V., Quigley, L. & McVicar, D.W. Initial characterization of TREM-like transcript (TLT)-1: a putative inhibitory receptor within the TREM cluster. Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells.Blood100, 3822–3824 (2002).
Barrow, A.D. et al. Cutting edge: TREM-like transcript-1, a platelet immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif encoding costimulatory immunoreceptor that enhances, rather than inhibits, calcium signaling via SHP-2.J. Immunol.172, 5838–5842 (2004).
Bouchon, A., Facchetti, F., Weigand, M.A. & Colonna, M. TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock.Nature410, 1103–1107 (2001).
Nathan, C. & Ding, A. TREM-1: a new regulator of innate immunity in sepsis syndrome.Nat. Med.7, 530–532 (2001).
Bleharski, J.R. et al. A role for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in host defense during the early-induced and adaptive phases of the immune response.J. Immunol.170, 3812–3818 (2003).
Netea, M.G. et al. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) amplifies the signals induced by the NACHT-LRR (NLR) pattern recognition receptors.J. Leukocyte Biol. (in the press).
Wang, H. et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice.Science285, 248–251 (1999).
Yang, H., Wang, H. & Tracey, K.J. HMG-1 rediscovered as a cytokine.Shock15, 247–253 (2001).
Calandra, T. et al. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor.Nat. Med.6, 164–170 (2000).
Bozza, M. et al. Targeted disruption of migration inhibitory factor gene reveals its critical role in sepsis.J. Exp. Med.189, 341–346 (1999).
Dinarello, C.A. Proinflammatory cytokines.Chest118, 503–508 (2000).
Riewald, M., Petrovan, R.J., Donner, A., Mueller, B.M. & Ruf, W. Activation of endothelial cell protease activated receptor 1 by the protein C pathway.Science296, 1880–1882 (2002).
Cohen, J. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis.Nature420, 885–891 (2002).
Turnbull, I.R. et al. DAP12 (KARAP) amplifies inflammation and increases mortality from endotoxemia and septic peritonitis.J. Exp. Med.202, 363–369 (2005).
Gibot, S. et al. A soluble form of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 modulates the inflammatory response in murine sepsis.J. Exp. Med.200, 1419–1426 (2004).
Agarwal, P.K. & Kumari, R. Sepsis–theory and therapies.N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1600–1602 (2003).
Mohamadzadeh, M. et al. Activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 on human neutrophils by marburg and ebola viruses.J. Virol.80, 7235–7244 (2006).
Liu-Bryan, R. & Terkeltaub, R. Evil humors take their toll as innate immunity makes gouty joints TREM-ble.Arthritis Rheum.54, 383–386 (2006).
Murakami, Y. et al. Induction of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in murine resident peritoneal macrophages by monosodium urate monohydrate crystals.Arthritis Rheum.54, 455–462 (2006).
Gibot, S. et al. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia.N. Engl. J. Med.350, 451–458 (2004).
Gibot, S. et al. Plasma level of a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: its diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected sepsis.Ann. Intern. Med.141, 9–15 (2004).
Koussoulas, V. et al. Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1): a new mediator involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease.Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.18, 375–379 (2006).
Schenk, M., Bouchon, A., Birrer, S., Colonna, M. & Mueller, C. Macrophages expressing triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 are underrepresented in the human intestine.J. Immunol.174, 517–524 (2005).
Tzivras, M. & et al. Role of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in inflammatory bowel disease.World J. Gastroenterol.12, 3416–3419 (2006).
Nochi, H. et al. Modulation of hepatic granulomatous responses by transgene expression of DAP12 or TREM-1-Ig molecules.Am. J. Pathol.162, 1191–1201 (2003).
Mahdy, A.M. et al. Production of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells by lipopolysacccharide-stimulated human neutrophils involves de novo protein synthesis.Clin. Vaccine Immunol.13, 492–495 (2006).
Gingras, M.C., Lapillonne, H. & Margolin, J.F. TREM-1, MDL-1, and DAP12 expression is associated with a mature stage of myeloid development.Mol. Immunol.38, 817–824 (2002).
Begum, N.A. et al. Mycobacterium bovis BCG cell wall-specific differentially expressed genes identified by differential display and cDNA subtraction in human macrophages.Infect. Immun.72, 937–948 (2004).
Tanaka, J. Nasu-Hakola disease: a review of its leukoencephalopathic and membranolipodystrophic features.Neuropathology20, S25–S29 (2000).
Verloes, A. et al. Nasu-Hakola syndrome: polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leucoencephalopathy and presenile dementia.J. Med. Genet.34, 753–757 (1997).
Kitajima, I. et al. Nasu-Hakola disease (membranous lipodystrophy). Clinical, histopathological and biochemical studies of three cases.J. Neurol. Sci.91, 35–52 (1989).
Paloneva, J. et al. Loss-of-function mutations in TYROBP (DAP12) result in a presenile dementia with bone cysts.Nat. Genet.25, 357–361 (2000).
Kondo, T. et al. Heterogeneity of presenile dementia with bone cysts (Nasu-Hakola disease): Three genetic forms.Neurology59, 1105–1107 (2002).
Teitelbaum, S.L. Bone resorption by osteoclasts.Science289, 1504–1508 (2000).
Kaifu, T. et al. Osteopetrosis and thalamic hypomyelinosis with synaptic degeneration in DAP12-deficient mice.J. Clin. Invest.111, 323–332 (2003).
Koga, T. et al. Costimulatory signals mediated by the ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis.Nature428, 758–763 (2004).
Walsh, M.C. et al. Osteoimmunology: interplay between the immune system and bone metabolism.Annu. Rev. Immunol.24, 33–63 (2006).
Humphrey, M.B. et al. The signaling adapter protein DAP12 regulates multinucleation during osteoclast development.J. Bone Miner. Res.19, 224–234 (2004).
Faccio, R., Zou, W., Colaianni, G., Teitelbaum, S.L. & Ross, F.P. High dose M-CSF partially rescues the Dap12−/− osteoclast phenotype.J. Cell. Biochem.90, 871–883 (2003).
Nataf, S. et al. Brain and bone damage in KARAP/DAP12 loss-of-function mice correlate with alterations in microglia and osteoclast lineages.Am. J. Pathol.166, 275–286 (2005).
Humphrey, M.B. et al. TREM2, a DAP12-associated receptor, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function.J. Bone Miner. Res.21, 237–245 (2006).
Takahashi, K., Rochford, C.D.P. & Neumann, H. Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2.J. Exp. Med.201, 647–657 (2005).
Hamerman, J.A., Tchao, N.K., Lowell, C.A. & Lanier, L.L. Enhanced Toll-like receptor responses in the absence of signaling adaptor DAP12.Nat. Immunol.6, 579–586 (2005).
Aoki, N., Zganiacz, A., Margetts, P. & Xing, Z. Differential regulation of DAP12 and molecules associated with DAP12 during host responses to mycobacterial infection.Infect. Immun.72, 2477–2483 (2004).
Barrow, A.D. et al. Cutting edge: TREM-like transcript-1, a platelet immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif encoding costimulatory immunoreceptor that enhances, rather than inhibits, calcium signaling via SHP-2.J. Immunol.172, 5838–5842 (2004).
Washington, A.V. et al. A TREM family member, TLT-1, is found exclusively in the alpha-granules of megakaryocytes and platelets.Blood104, 1042–1047 (2004).
King, R.G., Herrin, B.R. & Justement, L.B. Trem-like transcript 2 is expressed on cells of the myeloid/granuloid and B lymphoid lineage and is up-regulated in response to inflammation.J. Immunol.176, 6012–6021 (2006).
Poltorak, A. et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene.Science282, 2085–2088 (1998).
Daws, M.R. et al. Pattern recognition by TREM-2: binding of anionic ligands.J. Immunol.171, 594–599 (2003).
Takegahara, N. et al. Plexin-A1 and its interaction with DAP12 in immune responses and bone homeostasis.Nat. Cell Biol.8, 615–622 (2006).
Tamagnone, L. & Giordano, S. Semaphorin pathways orchestrate osteogenesis.Nat. Cell Biol.8, 545–547 (2006).
Karpanen, T. et al. Functional interaction of VEGF-C and VEGF-D with neuropilin receptors.FASEB J.20, 1462–1472 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, 63110, Missouri, USA
Julia Klesney-Tait, Isaiah R Turnbull & Marco Colonna
- Julia Klesney-Tait
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Isaiah R Turnbull
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Marco Colonna
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence toMarco Colonna.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
M.C. has stock options in BioXell, which works on TREM proteins
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klesney-Tait, J., Turnbull, I. & Colonna, M. The TREM receptor family and signal integration.Nat Immunol7, 1266–1273 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1411
Published:
Issue Date: