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Nature
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An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5

Naturevolume 553, pages473–476 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

Quasars are the most luminous non-transient objects known and as a result they enable studies of the Universe at the earliest cosmic epochs. Despite extensive efforts, however, the quasar ULAS J1120 + 0641 at redshiftz = 7.09 has remained the only one known atz > 7 for more than half a decade1. Here we report observations of the quasar ULAS J134208.10 + 092838.61 (hereafter J1342 + 0928) at redshiftz = 7.54. This quasar has a bolometric luminosity of 4 × 1013 times the luminosity of the Sun and a black-hole mass of 8 × 108 solar masses. The existence of this supermassive black hole when the Universe was only 690 million years old—just five per cent of its current age—reinforces models of early black-hole growth that allow black holes with initial masses of more than about 104 solar masses2,3 or episodic hyper-Eddington accretion4,5. We see strong evidence of absorption of the spectrum of the quasar redwards of the Lyman α emission line (the Gunn–Peterson damping wing), as would be expected if a significant amount (more than 10 per cent) of the hydrogen in the intergalactic medium surrounding J1342 + 0928 is neutral. We derive such a significant fraction of neutral hydrogen, although the exact fraction depends on the modelling. However, even in our most conservative analysis we find a fraction of more than 0.33 (0.11) at 68 per cent (95 per cent) probability, indicating that we are probing well within the reionization epoch of the Universe.

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Figure 1: Photometry and combined Magellan/FIRE and Gemini/GNIRS near-infrared spectrum of the quasar J1342 + 0928 atz = 7.54.
Figure 2: Black-hole growth of three of the highest-redshift and most-massive quasars in the early Universe.
Figure 3: Continuum emission and damping-wing modelling in the spectrum of J1342 + 0928.
Figure 4: Constraints on the history of reionization.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Ossip for support with the FIRE echellette observations and A. Stephens for help preparing the GNIRS observations. This work is based on data collected with the Magellan Baade telescope, the Gemini North telescope (programme GN-2017A-DD-4), the Large Binocular Telescope and the IRAM/NOEMA interferometer. We are grateful for the support provided by the staff of these observatories. We acknowledge the use of the UKIDSS, WISE and DECaLS surveys.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, 91101, California, USA

    Eduardo Bañados, Daniel D. Kelson & Gwen C. Rudie

  2. Max Planck Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, D-69117, Germany

    Bram P. Venemans, Chiara Mazzucchelli, Emanuele P. Farina, Fabian Walter, Roberto Decarli & Hans-Walter Rix

  3. Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Feige Wang & Jinyi Yang

  4. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Feige Wang & Jinyi Yang

  5. INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via Gobetti 93/3, Bologna, 40129, Italy

    Roberto Decarli

  6. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, 91109, California, USA

    Daniel Stern

  7. Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, 85721-0065, Arizona, USA

    Xiaohui Fan

  8. Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106-9530, California, USA

    Frederick B. Davies & Joseph F. Hennawi

  9. MIT-Kavli Center for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139, Massachusetts, USA

    Robert A. Simcoe & Monica L. Turner

  10. Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Goleta, 93117, California, USA

    Monica L. Turner

  11. Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, Saint Martin d’Hères, 38406, France

    Jan Martin Winters

Authors
  1. Eduardo Bañados

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  2. Bram P. Venemans

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  9. Xiaohui Fan

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Contributions

E.B., R.D., X.F., E.P.F., C.M., H.-W.R., D.S., B.P.V., F. Walter, F. Wang and J.Y. discussed and planned the candidate selection and observing strategy, and analysed the data. E.B. selected the quasar and with D.S. obtained and analysed the discovery spectrum. R.A.S. provided the final FIRE data reduction. J.F.H. provided the final GNIRS data reduction. G.C.R. carried out the follow-up Fourstar observations for this quasar. D.D.K. reduced the follow-up Fourstar data. J.M.W., B.P.V. and F. Walter contributed to the observations and analysis of the IRAM/NOEMA data. The damping-wing analyses were carried out by E.B. (model A), F.B.D. and J.F.H. (model B), and R.A.S. and M.L.T. (model C). F.B.D. and J.F.H. performed the PCA continuum modelling. R.A.S. performed the analysis to find the characteristics of a single absorber that could cause the absorption profile of the quasar. E.B. led the team and prepared the manuscript. All co-authors discussed the results and provided input to the paper and data analysis.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toEduardo Bañados.

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Reviewer InformationNature thanks D. Mortlock and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Figure 1 Modelling the intrinsic emission from J1342 + 0928.

The red lines represent the continuum used in the main text, which was constructed by averaging SDSS DR12 quasars with similar Civ properties (equivalent widths and blueshifts) to those observed in J1342 + 0928 (seeFig. 3). The blue lines are 100 random draws of PCA-reconstructed intrinsic emission, as described in Methods. In both cases, the mean intrinsic spectrum is shown as a thick line. The vertical dashed line shows the Lyα wavelength. The PCA-reconstructed spectrum has stronger emission around the Lyα line than does the SDSS-matched reconstructed emission. The dotted line is the mean SDSS quasar from ref.29, which has a much stronger Lyα line than that of any of our continuum models of J1342 + 0928.

Extended Data Figure 2 Damping-wing analysis with continuum 2 (PCA) and model B.

a, Same asFig. 3b, but showing 100 realizations of PCA-predicted intrinsic emission (blue) and damping-wing model (green) draws from the posterior PDF of model B (see Methods for details). Model B masks absorption systems only redwards of the Lyα line (pale blue) because this model takes into account the internal absorption in the proximity zone, which explains the larger scatter bluewards of the Lyα line (dashed vertical line).b, The marginalized posterior PDF of. The 50th percentile is and the 16th–84th (2.5th–97.5th) percentile interval is 0.45–0.87 (0.22–0.98).

Extended Data Figure 3 The marginalized posterior PDF of using continuum 1 (SDSS-matched).

a, Model B.b, Model C. Model B applied to continuum 1 yields the most conservative distribution of our analyses. Even in this case, a significantly neutral Universe with at the 2σ level is implied.

Extended Data Table 1 Survey photometry of the quasar J1342 + 0928 atz = 7.54
Extended Data Table 2 Summary of the constraints on the neutral fraction in the IGM surrounding J1342 + 0928

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Bañados, E., Venemans, B., Mazzucchelli, C.et al. An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5.Nature553, 473–476 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25180

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Editorial Summary

A massive black hole in the early Universe

Despite extensive searches, only one quasar has been known at redshifts greater than 7, at 7.09. Eduardo Bañados and colleagues report observations of a quasar at a redshift of 7.54, when the Universe was just 690 million years old, with a black-hole mass 800 million times the mass of the Sun. The spectrum shows that the quasar's Lyman α emission is being substantially absorbed by an intergalactic medium containing significantly neutral hydrogen, indicating that reionization was not complete at that epoch.

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