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Linking the p53 tumour suppressor pathway to somatic cell reprogramming

Naturevolume 460, pages1140–1144 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has been accomplished by expressing pluripotency factors and oncogenes1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, but the low frequency and tendency to induce malignant transformation9 compromise the clinical utility of this powerful approach. We address both issues by investigating the mechanisms limiting reprogramming efficiency in somatic cells. Here we show that reprogramming factors can activate the p53 (also known as Trp53 in mice, TP53 in humans) pathway. Reducing signalling to p53 by expressing a mutated version of one of its negative regulators, by deleting or knocking downp53 or its target gene,p21 (also known asCdkn1a), or by antagonizing reprogramming-induced apoptosis in mouse fibroblasts increases reprogramming efficiency. Notably, decreasing p53 protein levels enabled fibroblasts to give rise to iPS cells capable of generating germline-transmitting chimaeric mice using only Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1) and Sox2. Furthermore, silencing of p53 significantly increased the reprogramming efficiency of human somatic cells. These results provide insights into reprogramming mechanisms and suggest new routes to more efficient reprogramming while minimizing the use of oncogenes.

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Figure 1:Increased generation of iPS cells by blocking p53 and p21.
Figure 2:Modulation of p53 activity alters reprogramming efficiency.
Figure 3:Generation and characterization of 2F-p53KD-iPS cells by p53 downregulation.
Figure 4:Downregulation of p53 activity increases reprogramming efficiency of human somatic cells.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the CMRB Histology & Bioimaging and Cell culture Platforms for assistance, S. Boue for microarray analysis, S. Kim for help with maintenance of mouse colonies, Y. Richaud for technical assistance, M. Nagao for preparation of mouse neural stem cells, K. Brennand and F. Gage for preparation of human neural stem cells, I. Verma and A. Consiglio for advice and help with lentiviral transduction, Y. Dayn for chimaeric mouse production, and all members of the Gene Expression Laboratory and CMRB for discussions and M. Serrano for sharing unpublished results. J.S. was partially supported by Astellas Pharma Inc. T.K. was partially supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Work in the laboratory of G.M.W. was supported by NIH grants (5 R01 CA061449 and CA100845). Work in the laboratory of J.C.I.B. was supported by grants from the NIH, Tercel, Marato, G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation and Fundacion Cellex.

Author Contributions T.K. and J.S. contributed to the experimental work, project planning, data analysis and writing the manuscript and contributed equally to this work. Y.V.W. contributed to the experimental work, data analysis, writing the manuscript and established Mdmx mutant mice. S.M., L.B.M. and A.R. contributed to the experimental work, data analysis and writing the manuscript. G.M.W. and J.C.I.B. contributed to project planning and writing the manuscript, and supervised all the work. G.M.W. and J.C.I.B. are co-contributing corresponding authors.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Teruhisa Kawamura and Jotaro Suzuki: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA ,

    Teruhisa Kawamura, Jotaro Suzuki, Yunyuan V. Wang, Geoffrey M. Wahl & Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte

  2. Career-Path Promotion Unit for Young Life Scientists, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan

    Teruhisa Kawamura

  3. Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan ,

    Jotaro Suzuki

  4. Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,

    Sergio Menendez, Laura Batlle Morera, Angel Raya & Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte

  5. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain

    Angel Raya

  6. Networking Center of Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain ,

    Angel Raya

Authors
  1. Teruhisa Kawamura

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  2. Jotaro Suzuki

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  3. Yunyuan V. Wang

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  4. Sergio Menendez

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  5. Laura Batlle Morera

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  6. Angel Raya

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  7. Geoffrey M. Wahl

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  8. Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte

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Corresponding authors

Correspondence toGeoffrey M. Wahl orJuan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Tables 1-3, Supplementary References and Supplementary Figures 1-27 with Legends. (PDF 12910 kb)

Supplementary Data

This file contains microarray analysis on MEF, 2F-p53KD-iPS cell clones (#1 and #6) and mouse ES. (XLS 8680 kb)

Supplementary Movie 1

In this movie file beating cells were observed in embryoid bodies (d10) derived from 2F-iPS clone #1. (MOV 566 kb)

Supplementary Movie 2

In this movie file beating cells were observed in embryoid bodies (d14) derived from 2F-iPS clone #3. (MOV 567 kb)

Supplementary Movie 3

In this movie file beating cells were observed in embryoid bodies (d15) derived from 2F-iPS clone #6. (MOV 593 kb)

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Kawamura, T., Suzuki, J., Wang, Y.et al. Linking the p53 tumour suppressor pathway to somatic cell reprogramming.Nature460, 1140–1144 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08311

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Editorial Summary

On iPS cells and p53: somatic cell reprogramming

This paper reports that the transcription factor p53 plays a crucial role in regulating somatic reprogramming. The authors develop an experimental protocol to reprogram somatic cells using just two factors, Oct4 and Sox2, when p53 is silenced. On the other hand, overexpression of p53 or the presence of Nutlin-3 (a p53 stabilizer) reduces reprogramming efficiency.

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