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A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b

Naturevolume 447, pages183–186 (2007)Cite this article

Abstract

‘Hot Jupiter’ extrasolar planets are expected to be tidally locked because they are close (<0.05 astronomical units, where 1 au is the average Sun–Earth distance) to their parent stars, resulting in permanent daysides and nightsides. By observing systems where the planet and star periodically eclipse each other, several groups have been able to estimate the temperatures of the daysides of these planets1,2,3. A key question is whether the atmosphere is able to transport the energy incident upon the dayside to the nightside, which will determine the temperature at different points on the planet’s surface. Here we report observations of HD 189733, the closest of these eclipsing planetary systems4,5,6, over half an orbital period, from which we can construct a ‘map’ of the distribution of temperatures. We detected the increase in brightness as the dayside of the planet rotated into view. We estimate a minimum brightness temperature of 973 ± 33 K and a maximum brightness temperature of 1,212 ± 11 K at a wavelength of 8 μm, indicating that energy from the irradiated dayside is efficiently redistributed throughout the atmosphere, in contrast to a recent claim for another hot Jupiter7. Our data indicate that the peak hemisphere-integrated brightness occurs 16 ± 6° before opposition, corresponding to a hotspot shifted east of the substellar point. The secondary eclipse (when the planet moves behind the star) occurs 120 ± 24 s later than predicted, which may indicate a slightly eccentric orbit.

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Figure 1:Observed phase variation for HD 189733b, with transit and secondary eclipse visible.
Figure 2:Time series of the transit and secondary eclipse.
Figure 3:Brightness estimates for 12 longitudinal strips on the surface of the planet.

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Acknowledgements

We thank J. Winn for sharing data from a recent paper describing the behaviour of the spots on the star, and D. Sasselov and E. Miller-Ricci for discussions on the properties of these spots. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. We are grateful to the entire Spitzer team for their assistance throughout this process. H.A.K. was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA,

    Heather A. Knutson, David Charbonneau & Lori E. Allen

  2. Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA,

    Jonathan J. Fortney

  3. SETI Institute, 515 N. Whisman Road, Mountain View, California 94043, USA,

    Jonathan J. Fortney

  4. Department of Astronomy, Box 351580, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA,

    Eric Agol & Nicolas B. Cowan

  5. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA,

    Adam P. Showman & Curtis S. Cooper

  6. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA,

    S. Thomas Megeath

Authors
  1. Heather A. Knutson

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  2. David Charbonneau

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Correspondence toHeather A. Knutson.

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Knutson, H., Charbonneau, D., Allen, L.et al. A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b.Nature447, 183–186 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05782

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Editorial Summary

'Hot Jupiters' just got hotter

'Hot Jupiter' extrasolar planets are close to their parent stars, so are likely to be tidally locked (like the Earth and Moon), with permanent day and night sides. That raises the question of whether the atmosphere is able to transport energy from the day side to the night side. Infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope have now answered that question for the extrasolar planet HD 189733b. Night and day temperatures are similar, around 950–1,200 K, indicating that energy from the irradiated side is efficiently redistributed throughout the atmosphere. A paper going live online this week reports observations of the atmosphere of the extra-solar plant HD 149026b. It’s a very hot Jupiter, the hottest planet known, at about 2,300 K. This matches predictions for a planet where each patch of surface area instantaneously re-emits all absorbed light as a blackbody.

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