1. 1. Pilbeam, D. & Gould, S. J. Size and scaling in human evolution. Science 186, 892-901 (1974). 2. McHenry, H. M. Early hominid body weight and encaphalization. Am. /. Phys. Anthropol. 45, 77-84 (1976). 3. McHenry, H. M. in Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithednes (ed. Grine, RE.) 133-148 (Aldine de Gruyter, New York, 1988). 4. McHenry, H. Behavioral ecological implications of early hominid body size. /. Hum. Evol. 27, 77-87 (1994). 5. Ruff, C. B., Trinkaus, E., Walker, A. & Larsen, C. S. Postcranial robusticity in Homo, I: temporal trends and mechanical interpretaiton. Am. J. Phys. Antrhopol. 91, 21-53 (1993). 6. McHenry, H. M. Body size and proportions in early hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 87, 407-431 (1992). 7. Rightmire, G. P. Body size and encephalization in Homo erectus. Anthropos (Brno) 23, 139-149 (1986). 8. Gauld, S. C. Body size of Asian Homo erectus: estimation based on prediction models utilizing measures of cranial bone thickness (abstract). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 16 (suppl.) 93 (1993). 9. Hartwig-Scherer, S. body weight prediction in fossil Homo. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 171, 267-279(1994). 10. Ruff, C. B. & Walker, A. in The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton (eds Walker, A. & Leakey, R.) 234-265 (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993). 11. Aiello, L. C. & Wood, B. A. Cranial variables as predictors of hominine body mass. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 95, 409-426 (1994). 12. Kappelman, J. The evolution of body mass and relative brain size in fossil hominids. /. Hum. Evol. 30, 243-276(1996). 13. Ruff, C. B., Scott, W. W. & Liu, A. Y.-C. Articular and diaphyseal remodeling of the proximal femur with changes in body mass in adults. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86, 397-413 (1991). 14. Trinkaus, E., Churchill, S. E. & Ruff, C. B. Postcranial robusticity in Homo, II: humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 93, 1-34 (1994). 15. Grine, F. E., Jungers, W. L., Tobias, P. V. & Pearson, O. M. Fossil Homo femur from Berg Aukas, northern Namibia. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 97, 151-185 (1995). 16. Ruff, C. B. Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil hominids. Yb. Phys. Anthropol. 37,65-107(1994). 17. Holliday, T. W. Body Size and Proportions in the Late Pleistocene Western Old World and the Origins of Modern Humans. (Thesis, Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1995). 18. Wood, B. Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 355, 783-790 (1992). 19. Walker, A. in The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton (eds Walker, A. & Leakey, R.) 411-430 (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993). 20. Rightmire, G. P. Patterns in the evolution of Homo erectus. Paleobiology 7, 241-246 (1981). 21. Leigh, S. R. Cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 87, 1-13 (1992). 22. Henneberg, M. Decrease of human skull size in the Holocene. Hum. Biol 60, 395-405 (1988). 23. Prayer, D. W. in The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence (eds Smith, F. H. & Spencer, F.) 211-250 (Liss, New York, 1984). 24. Tobias, P. V. The negative secular trend. /. Hum. Evol. 14, 347-356 (1985). 25. Brown, E, Harris, J., Leakey, R. & Walker, A. Early Homo erectus skeleton from West Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 316, 788-792 (1985). 26. Martin, R. D. Primate Origins and Evolution (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1990). 27. Stephan, H., Bauchot, R. & Andy, O. J. in The Primate Brain (eds Noback, C. R. & Montague, W.) 289-297 (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1970). 28. Martin, R. D. Relative brain size and basal metabolic rate in terrestrial vertebrates. Nature 293, 57-60 (1981). 29. Beals, K. L., Smith, C. L. & Dodd, S. M. Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines. Curr. Anthropol 25, 301-330 (1984). 30. Hooton, E. A. The Indians of Pecos Pueblo. A Study of Their Skeletal Remains. Papers of the Phillips Acad. SWExped., No. 4 (Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1930).

Download references