1. A. Aggarwal and J.S. Vitter. “The Input/Output complexity of sorting and related problems,”Communications of the ACM, Vol. 31(9):1116–1127, 1988.

   Google Scholar 

2. L. Arge. “The buffer tree: A new technique for optimal I/O-algorithms,” inProc. Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures, LNCS 955, 334–345, 1995.

3. L. Arge. “External memory data structures,” in J. Abello, P.M. Pardalos, and M.G.C. Resende (Eds.),Handbook of Massive Data Sets, 313–358, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

4. L. Arge, R. Barve, D. Hutchinson, O. Procopiuc, L. Toma, D.E. Vengroff and R. Wickremesinghe.TPIE User Manual and Reference (edition 082902). Duke University. The manual and software distribution are available on the web at http://www.cs.duke.edu/TPIE/, 2002.

5. L. Arge, L. Toma, and J.S. Vitter. “I/O-efficient algorithms for problems on grid-based terrains,” inProc. Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experimentation (electronic proceedings). To appear in ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics. 2000.

6. G.S. Brodal and J. Katajainen. “Worst-case efficient external-memory priority queues,” inProc. Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithms Theory, LNCS 1432, 107–118, 1998.

7. C. Ehlschlaeger. “Using the A^T search algorithm to develop hydrologic models from digital elevation data,” inInternational Geographic Information Systems (IGIS) Symposium, 275–281. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Baltimore, MD, 18–19 March 1989.

8. Environmental Systems Research Inc. ARC/INFO Professional GIS. Version 7.1.2, 1997.

9. J. Fairfield and P. Leymarie. “Drainage network from grid digital elevation model,”Water Resource Research, Vol. 27:709–717, 1991.

   Google Scholar 

10. T. Freeman. “Calculating catchment area with divergent flow based on a regular grid,”Computers and Geosciences, Vol. 17:413–422, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

11. J. Garbrecht and L. Martz. TOPAZ Topographic Parameterization Software. http://grl.ars.usda.gov/topaz/TOPAZ1.HTM.

12. J. Garbrecht and L. Martz. “Numerical definition of drainage network and subcatchment areas from digital elevation models,”Computers and Geosciences, Vol. 18(6):747–761, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

13. J. Garbrecht and L. Martz. “The assignment of drainage directions over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models,”Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 193:204–213, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

14. Grass Development Team. GRASS GIS homepage. http://www.baylor.edu/grass/

15. S. Jenson and J. Domingue. “Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis,”Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 54(11):1593–1600, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

16. M.V. Kreveld. “Digital elevation models: Overview and selected TIN algorithms,” in M. van Kreveld, J. Nievergelt, T. Roos, and P. Widmayer (Eds.),Algorithmic Foundations of GIS. Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1340, 1997.

17. I. Moore. TAPES: Terrain analysis programs for the environmental sciences. http://cres.anu.edu.au/software/tapes.html.

18. I. Moore, R. Grayson, and A. Ladson. “Digital terrain modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications,”Hydrological Processes, Vol. 5:3–30, 1991a.

    Google Scholar 

19. I.D. Moore, R.B. Grayson, and A.R. Ladson. “Digital terrain modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological and biological applications,”Hydrological Processes, Vol. 5:3–30, 1991b.

    Google Scholar 

20. D. Morris and R. Heerdegen. “Automatically derived catchment boundary and channel networks and their hydrological applications,”Geomorphology, Vol. 1:131–141, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

21. Nasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA Shuttle Rader Topography Mission (SRTM). http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/

22. J.F. O'Callaghan and D.M. Mark. “The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data,”Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, Vol. 28, 1984.

23. S. Peckham. The RiverTools home page. http://cires.colorado.edu/people/peckham.scott/RT.html.

24. S. Peckham. Self-similarily in the geometry and dynamics of large river basins. Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder 1995.

    Google Scholar 

25. C.Z. Peng Gao and S. Menon. “An overview of cell based modeling with GIS,” inSecond International Conference on Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling, Breckenridge, CO, USA, 1993.

26. C.Z. Peng Gao and S. Menon. GIS and Environmental Modeling: Progress and Research Issues, Chapter An Overview of Cell-Based Modeling with GIS, pp. 325–332. Boulder: GIS World Books, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

27. D. Tarboton. TARDEM, a suite of programs for the analysis of digital elevation data. http://www.engineering.usu.edu/-cee/faculty/dtarb/tardem.html

28. D. Tarboton. “A new method for the determination of flow directions and contributing areas in grid digital elevation models,”Water Resources Research, Vol. 33:309–319, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

29. D. Tarboton, R. Bras, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. “On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data,”Hydrological Processes, Vol. 5:81–100, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

30. A. Tribe. “Automated recognition of valley lines and drainage networks from grid digital elevation models: A review and a new method,”Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 139:263–293, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

31. J.S. Vitter. “External memory algorithms and data structures: Dealing with MASSIVE data,”ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 33(2):209–271, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

32. D. Wolock. Simulating the variable-source-area of streamflow generation with the watershed model topmodel. Technical report, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1993.

33. D. Wolock and G. McCabe. “Comparison of single and multiple flow direction algorithms for computing topographic parameters in topmodel,”Water Resources Research, Vol. 31:1315–1324, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

34. J. Wood. Automatic surface feature detection from digital elevation data. Technical Report Research Report No. 20, Midlands Regional Research Laboratory. University of Leicester and Loughborouh University of Technology, UK, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

Download references