• Basabose, K., and Yamagiwa, J. (1997). Predation on mammals by chimpanzees in the montane forest of Kahuzi, Zaïre.Primates38(1): 45-55.

  Google Scholar 

• Basabose, A. K., and Yamagiwa, J. (2002). Factors affecting nesting site choice in chimpanzees at Tshibati, Kauhuzi-Biega National Park: Influence of sympatric gorillas.Int. J. Primatol.23(2): 263-282. aiBitariho, R. (1999).The abundance, distribution and use of montane bamboo in Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks, S.W. Uganda. MSc dissertation, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

  Google Scholar 

• Butynski, T. M. (1984).Ecological survey of the Impenetrable (Bwindi) Forest, Uganda, and recommendations for its conservation and management. Report to the Government of Uganda.

• Calvert, J. J. (1985). Food selection by western gorillas (G. g. gorilla) in relation to food chemistry.Oecologia65: 236-246.

  Google Scholar 

• Chivers, D. J., and Hladik, C. M. (1984). Diet and morphology in primates. In Chivers, D. J., Wood, B. A., and Bilsborough, A. (Eds.),Food Acquisition and Processing in Nonhuman Primates, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213-230.

  Google Scholar 

• Doran, D. M., and McNeilage, A. (1998). Gorilla ecology and behavior.Evol. Anthropol.6: 120-131.

  Google Scholar 

• Gagneux, P., Wills, C., Gerloff, U., Tautz, D., Morin, P. A., Boesch, C., Fruth, B., Hohmann, G., Ryder, O. A., and Woodruff, D. S. (1996). Mitochondrial sequences show diverse evolutionary histories of African hominoids.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.96: 5077-5082.

  Google Scholar 

• Garner, K. J., and Ryder, O. A. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA diversity in gorillas.Molec. Phylogenetics Evol.6: 39-48.

  Google Scholar 

• Gautier-Hlon, A., Quris, R., and Gautier, J. P. (1983). “Monospecific vs. polyspecific life: A comparative study a foraging and antipredatory tactics in a community ofCercopithecus monkeys.”Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,12: 325-335.

  Google Scholar 

• Goldsmith, M. L. (1999). Ranging behavior of a lowland gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla) group at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic.Int. J. Primatol.20: 1-23.

  Google Scholar 

• Goodall, J. (1986).The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

  Google Scholar 

• Hamilton, A. C., Taylor, D., and Vogel, J. C. (1986). Early forest clearance and environmental degradation in south-west Uganda.Nature320: 164-167.

  Google Scholar 

• Howard, P. (1991).Nature Conservation in Uganda's Tropical Forest Reserves, I.U.C.N., Glan, Switzerland.

  Google Scholar 

• Janzen, D. H. (1979). How to be a fig.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics10: 13-51.

  Google Scholar 

• Jensen-Seaman, M., and Kidd, K. K. (2001). Mitochondrial variation and biogeography of eastern gorillas.Molec. Ecol.10: 2240-2247.

  Google Scholar 

• Jones, C., and Sabater-Pi, J. (1971). Comparative ecology ofGorilla gorilla (Savage and Wyman) andPan troglodytes (Blumembach) in Rio Muni, West Africa.Bibliotheca Primatol.13: 1-95.

  Google Scholar 

• Kuroda, S. (1992). Ecological interspecies relationships between gorillas and chimpanzees in the Ndoki-Nouabale Reserve, northern Congo. In Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G. P., and Thompson, R. K. R. (Eds.),Topics in Primatology, Vol. 2: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, Tokyo University Press, Tokyo, pp. 385-394.

  Google Scholar 

• Kuroda, S., Nishihara, T., Suzuki, S., and Oko, R. (1996). Sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in the Ndoki Forest, Congo. In McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T. (Eds.),Great Ape Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 71-81.

  Google Scholar 

• Malenky, R. K., Kuroda, S., Vineberg, E., and Wrangham, R. W. (1994). The significance of terrestrial herbaceous foods for bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas. In Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., de Waal, F. B. M., and Heltne, P. G. (Eds.),Chimpanzee Cultures, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 59-76.

  Google Scholar 

• McGrew, W. C., Baldwin, P. J., and Tutin, C. E. G. (1988). Diet of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Mt. Asserik, Senegal: I. Composition.Am. J. Primatol.16: 213-223.

  Google Scholar 

• McNeilage, A., Plumptre, A. J., Brock-Doyle, A., and Vedder, A. (1998).Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Gorilla and large mammal census, 1997. Wildlife Conservation Society Working Papers, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Milton, K. (1984). The role of food-processing factors in primate food choice. In Rodman, P. S., and Cant, J. G. H. (Eds.),Adaptations for Foraging in Non-Human Primates. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 249-279.

  Google Scholar 

• Mwanza, N., Maruhashi, T., Yumoto, T., and Yamagiwa, J. (1988). Conservation of eastern lowland gorillas in the Masisi region, Zaire.Primate Conservation,9: 111-114.

  Google Scholar 

• Nishihara, T. (1992). A preliminary report on the feeding habits of western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Ndoki Forest of northern Congo. In Itoigawa, N., Sugiyama, Y., Sackett, G. P., Thompson, R. K. R. (Eds.),Topics in Primatology, Vol. 2: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, Tokyo University Press, Tokyo, pp. 225-240.

  Google Scholar 

• Nishihara, T. (1995). Feeding ecology of western lowland gorilla in the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Congo.Primates36: 151-168.

  Google Scholar 

• Nkurunungi, J. B. (2002).Feeding and ranging ecology of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, PhD Dissertation, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

  Google Scholar 

• Nkurunungi, J. B., and Stanford, C. B. (2003). Using GPS technology to study ranging patterns of sympatric mountain gorillas and chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. In Paterson, J., Reynolds, V., and Notman, H. (Eds.),Primates of Western Uganda.

• Nkurunungi, J. B. (2003). Feeding and ranging behavior of mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Ph.D. dissertation, Makerere University, Uganda.

• Remis, M. J. (1997). Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) as seasonal frugivores: Use of variable resources.Am. J. Primatol.43: 87-109.

  Google Scholar 

• Rogers, M. E., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Fernandez, M., and Fernandez, C. E. G., Tutin, C. E. G. (1990). Gorilla diet in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: A nutritional analysis.Oecologia84: 326-339.

  Google Scholar 

• Schaller, G. B. (1963).The Mountain Gorilla, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

  Google Scholar 

• Shea, B. T. (1983). Size and diet in the evolution of African ape craniodental form.Folia Primatogica40: 32-68.

  Google Scholar 

• Stanford, C. B. (2001a). The subspecies concept in primatology: The case of mountain gorillas.Primates42: 309-318.

  Google Scholar 

• Stanford, C. B. (2001b). The behavioral ecology of chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: Preliminary data.Paper presented at XVII Congress of the International Primatological Society, Adelaide, Australia.

• Stanford, C. B. (2002). Arboreal bipedalism in Bwindi chimpanzees.Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.119: 87-91.

  Google Scholar 

• Stanford, C. B., Gambaneza, C., Nkurunungi, J. B., and Goldsmith, M. (2000). Chimpanzees in Bwindi-Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, use different tools to obtain different types of honey.Primates41: 335-339.

  Google Scholar 

• Stanford, C. B. (1998).Chimpanzee and Red Colobus: The Ecology of Predator and Prey. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Suzuki, S., and Nishihara, T. (1992). Feeding strategies of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in the Ndoki-Nouabalé forest, with special reference to co-feeding behavior by both species. Abstracts of the XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Strasbourg, France.

• Terborgh, J. (1983).Five New World Primates. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Tutin, C. E. G. (1996). Ranging and social structure of lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. InGreat Ape Societies (edited by W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, and T. Nishida), pp. 58-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Tutin, C. E. G., and Fernandez, M. (1985). Foods consumed by sympatric populations ofGorilla g. beringei andPan t. troglodytes in Gabon: Some preliminary data.Int. J. Primatol.6: 27-43.

  Google Scholar 

• Tutin, C. E. G., and Fernandez, M. (1993). Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon.Am. J. Primatol.30: 195-211.

  Google Scholar 

• Vedder, A. (1984). Movement patterns of a group of free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) and their relation to food availability.Am. J. Primatol.7: 73-88.

  Google Scholar 

• Watts, D. P. (1984). Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the central Virungas.Am. J. Primatol.7: 323-356.

  Google Scholar 

• Watts, D. P. (1991). Strategies of habitat use by mountain gorillas.Folia Primatol.56: 1-16.

  Google Scholar 

• Watts, D. P. (1996). Comparative socioecology of gorillas. In McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T. (Eds.),Great Ape Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 16-28.

  Google Scholar 

• Williamson, E. A., Tutin, C. E. G., Rogers, M. E., and Fernandez, M. (1990). Composition of the diet of lowland gorillas in Gabon.Am. J. Primatol.21: 265-277.

  Google Scholar 

• Wrangham, R. W., Conklin, N. L., Etot, G., Hunt, K. D., Hauser, M. D. and Clark, A. P. (1993). The value of figs to chimpanzees.Int. J. Primatol.14: 243-256.

  Google Scholar 

• Wrangham, R. W., Conklin, N. L., Chapman, C. A., and Hunt, K. D. (1991). The significance of fibrous foods for Kibale Forest chimpanzees.Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., Series B334: 171-178.

  Google Scholar 

• Yamagiwa, J., Mwanza, N., Yumoto, T., and Maruhashi, T. (1994). Seasonal change in the composition of the diet of eastern lowland gorillas.Primates35: 1-14.

  Google Scholar 

• Yamagiwa, J., Maruhashi, T., Yumoto, T., and Mwanza, N. (1996). Dietary and ranging overlap in sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaïre. In McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., and Nishida, T. (Eds.),Great Ape Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 82-98.

  Google Scholar 

Download references