Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

The deep-sea copepod fauna of the Southern Ocean: patterns and processes

  • Published:
Hydrobiologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent years, much attention has been paid to the Antarctic epipelagic fauna, as a result of the desire to increase our knowledge of ecosystem function and resource management. Unfortunately, our understanding of the polar pelagic deep-sea has not progressed as fast, and in common with many other parts of the world's deep ocean, knowledge is still fragmentary. As yet, we have an incomplete but evolving knowledge of species presence and distribution, but very little idea of how the extreme seasonality seen in the Southern Ocean might influence the deep-water fauna. An examination is made of species distribution and diversity, in relation to the latitudinal cline seen in many benthic groups, and the historical perspective offered by changing circulation patterns and sea temperature through geological time. Although a number of important frontal systems are found within the circumpolar Southern Ocean, the boundary is marked by the Sub-Tropical Convergence, which appears to be the major biogeographic boundary between it and surrounding provinces. Evidence for seasonality in various families is reviewed in light of what we know and can infer about their biology and particularly in respect of their bathymetric distribution, which in some groups appears to change with latitude.

This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from ¥17,985 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

ArticleOpen access01 July 2021

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • Angel, M. V., 1979. Zoogeography of the Atlantic Ocean. In Van Der Spoel S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds), Zoogeography and Diversity in Plankton. Edward Arnold-London, Bunge Scientific Publishers, Utrecht: 168–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angel, M. V., 1991. Variations in time and space: is biogeography relevant to studies of long-time scale change? J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 71: 191–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angel, M. V., 1997. Pelagic biodiversity. In Ormond, R. F. G.J. D. Gage & M. V. Angel (eds), Marine Biodiversity, Patterns and Processes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 35–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angel, M. V. & A. De C. Baker, 1982. Vertical standing crop of plankton and micronekton at three stations in the north-east Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr. 2: 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arashkevich, Ye. G., 1978. Some characteristics of feeding of copepods. Tr. Inst. Okeanol. 112: 118–125 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arntz, W. E., J. Gutt & M. Klages, 1997. Antarctic marine biodiversity: an overview. In Battaglia, B. J. Valencia & D. W. H. Walton (eds) Antarctic Communities, Species, Structure and Survival. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, A., 1990. The ecology and distribution of zooplankton around the island of South Georgia, Antarctica. Ph. D. Thesis, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, 260 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, A., 1998. Life cycle strategies of epipelagic copepods in the Southern Ocean. J. mar. Syst. 15: 289–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, A. & J. D. Sinclair, 2000. Zonal distribution and seasonal vertical migration of copepod assemblages in the Scotia Sea. Pol. Biol. 23: 46–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auel, H., 1999. The ecology of arctic deep-sea copepods (Euchaetidae and Aetideidae). Aspects of their distribution, trophodynamics and effect on the carbon flux. Berichte zur Polarforscung 319: 1–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, A. De C., 1954. The circumpolar continuity of Antarctic plankton species. Discovery Rep. 27: 201–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Beklemishev, C.W., 1971. Distribution of plankton as related to micropaleontology. In Funnel B. M. & W. R. Reidel (eds), The Micropaleontology of Oceans. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltovskoy, D., 1981. Caracteristicas biologicas del Atlantico Sudoccidental. In Boltovskoy D. (ed.), Atlas Del Zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental y Metodos de Trabajo con el Zooplancton Marino. Instituto Nacional de Investigació n y Desarrollo Pesquero, Mar del Plata: 239–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltovskoy, D., 1994. The sedimentary record of pelagic biogeography. Prog. Oceanogr. 34: 135–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford-Grieve, J. M., 1994. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Pelagic calanoid Copepoda: Megacalanidae, Calanidae, Paracalanidae, Mecynoceridae, Eucalanidae, Spinocalanidae, Clausocalanidae. N. Z. Oceanogr. Inst. Mem. 102: 1–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, J. M., L. Haakonssen & J. B. Jillett, 1983. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Pelagic calanoid copepods: Families Euchaetidae, Phaennidae, Scolecithricidae, Diaixidae and Tharybidae. N. Z. Oceanogr. Inst. Mem. 90: 1–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, J. M. & J. B. Jillett, 1980. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Pelagic calanoid copepods: Family Aetideidae. N. Z. Oceanogr. Inst. Mem. 86: 1–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodsky, K. A., 1950. Calanoida of the far eastern seas and polar basin of the USSR. (English Translation 1967, Israel Program for Scientific Translations). Jerusalem, 440 pp.

  • Cadée, G. C., 1992. Organic carbon in the upper layer and its sedimentation during the ice-retreat period in the Scotia-Weddell Sea, 1988. Polar Biol. 12: 253–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadée, G. C., H. González & S. B. Schnack-Schiel, 1992. Krill diet affects faecal string settling. Polar Biol. 12: 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., 1975. The respiratory rates of midwater crustaceans as a function of depth occurrence and relation to the oxygen minimum layer off Southern California. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 50A: 787–799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., 1977. Effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen on the oxygen consumption rate of the midwater copepodGaussia princeps. Mar. Biol. 39: 19–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., 1995. Are there physiological and biochemical adaptations of metabolism in deep-sea animals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10: 30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A., 1988. Seasonality in the Antarctic marine environment. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90B: 461–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. & J. A. Crame, 1997. Diversity, latitude and time: Patterns in the shallow sea. In Ormond, R. F. G. J. D. Gage, M. V. Angel (eds), Marine Biodiversity, patterns and processes. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 122–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crame, J. A., 1999. An evolutionary perspective on marine faunal connections between southernmost South America and Antarctica. Scientia Marina 63,supplement 1: 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cripps, G. C. & A. Clarke, 1998. Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of particulate material collected by sediment traps at Signy Island, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 20: 414–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, S. A., M. J. Griffiths, B. A. King & M. Brandon, 1997. Comparison of bottom tracking and profiling LADCP data in a section across the ACC at Drake Passage. International World Ocean Circulation Experiment newsletter 26: 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, M. J., 1979. The relation between oceans. In Van Der Spoel S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds), Zoogeography and diversity in plankton. Edward Arnold-London, Bunge Scientific Publishers, Utrecht: 112–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esnal, G. B. & R. J. Castro, 1977. Distributional and biometrical study of appendicularians from the West South Atlantic Ocean. Hydrobiologia 56: 241–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, M., 1988. Taxonomy and distribution of the antarctica species group of the genusEuchaeta (Copepoda: Calanoida). In Kornicker L. S. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas XIX. American Geophysical Union, Washington. Antarct. Res. Ser. 47: 27–57.

  • Fortier, L., J. Le Fevre & L. Legendre, 1994. Export of biogenic carbon to fish and to the deep ocean: the rô le of large planktonic microphages. J. Plankton. Res. 16: 809–839.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foxton, P., 1956. The distribution of the standing stock of zooplankton in the Southern Ocean. Discovery Rep. 28: 191–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, G. D. & K. Hulsemann, 1965. Abundance, vertical distribution and taxonomy of calanoid copepods at selected stations in the northeast Atlantic. J. Zool. 146: 213–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, G. D. & K. Hulsemann, 1967. Bathypelagic calanoid copepods of the western Indian Ocean. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 122: 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, A. C. & E. R. Gunther, 1935. The plankton of the South Georgia whaling grounds and adjacent waters. Discovery Rep. 11: 1–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, T. L., 1986. Variability in production and the role of disturbance in two pelagic ecosystems. UNESCO Tech. Ser. mar. Sci. 49: 133–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, Y., 1979 Plankton distributions in the past. In Van Der Spoel S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds), Zoogeography and Diversity in Plankton. Edward Arnold-London, Bunge Scientific publishers, Utrecht: 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heron, G. A., 1977. Twenty-six species of Oncaeidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from the southwest Pacific-Antarctic area. In Pawson D. L. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas VI, American Geophysical Union, Washington. Antarct. Res. Ser. 26: 37–96.

  • Hirota, Y., 1995. The Kuroshio. Part III. Zooplankton. In Ansell, A. D. R. N. Gibson & M. Barnes (eds), Oceanogr. mar. biol. Ann. Rev. 33: 151–220.

  • Honjo, S., 1996. Flux of particles to the interior of the open oceans. In Ittekkot, V. P. Schäfer, S. Honjo & P. J. Depetris (eds), Particle Flux in the Ocean, John Wiley, Chichester: 91–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, T. L., 1971. Zooplankton standing crop in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic. Antarct. Res. Ser. 17: 347–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, T. L., 1985. The zooplankton community of Croker Passage, Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol. 4: 161–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, T. L., 1987. Midwater food web in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Mar. Biol. 96: 93–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, T. L. & J. J. Torres, 1988. The zooplankton community in the vicinity of the ice edge, western Weddell Sea. Polar Biol. 9: 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, T. L. & J. J. Torres, 1989. Midwater food web in the vicinity of a marginal ice zone in the western Weddell Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 36: 543–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, T., 1988. Metabolism and chemical composition of crustaceans from the Antarctic mesopelagic zone. Deep-Sea Res. 35: 1991–2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, D. D., 1936. The southern species of the genusEuphausia. Discovery Rep. 14: 193–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl, D. M., B. D. Tilbrook & G. Tien, 1991. Seasonal coupling of organic matter production and particle flux in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. 38: 1097–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, J. P., 1978. The development of planktonic biogeography in the Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic. Mar. Micropal. 3: 301–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopplemann, R. & H. Weikert, 1992. Full-depth zooplankton pro-files over the deep bathyal of the NE Atlantic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 86: 263–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopplemann, R. & H Weikert, 1999. Temporal changes of deepsea mesozooplankton abundance in the temperate NE Atlantic and estimates of the carbon budget. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 179: 27–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, A. R., 1998. Ecological geography of the sea. Academic Press, San Diego: 398 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackintosh, N. A., 1934. Distribution of the macroplankton in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic. Discovery Rep. 9: 65–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackintosh, N. A., 1937. The seasonal circulation of the Antarctic macroplankton. Discovery Rep. 16: 365–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markhaseva, E. L., 1998. Geographical distribution of aetideid copepods (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the world ocean. In Pierrot-Bults, A. C. & S. Van Der Spoel (eds), Pelagic Biogeography International Conference on Pelagic Biology II. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commision Workshop Report 142: 250–256.

  • Mauchline, J., 1991. Some modern concepts in deep-sea pelagic studies: Patterns of growth in the different horizons. In Mauchline J. & T. Nemoto (eds), Marine Biology, its Accomplishment and Future Prospect. Hokusen-sha, Tokyo: 107–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauchline, J., 1992. Restriction of body size spectra within species of deep-sea plankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 90: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauchline, J., 1994. Seasonal variation in some population parameters ofEuchaeta species (Copepoda: Calanoida). Mar. Biol. 120: 561–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauchline, J., 1998. The biology of calanoid copepods. Academic Press, Adv. mar. Biol. 33: 1–710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauchline, J. & L. R. Fisher, 1969. The biology of euphausiids. Academic Press, Adv. Mar. Biol. 7: 1–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowlin, D. W. Jr., 1991. On water mass exchange between the Southern Ocean and the World Ocean, emphasis on the Atlantic sector. Mar. Chem. 35: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Øresland, V. & P. Ward, 1993. Summer and winter diet of four carnivorous copepod species around South Georgia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 98: 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owre, H. B. & M. Foyo, 1967. Copepods of the Florida Current. Fauna Caribaea 1: 1–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, T., 1978. Calanoid copepods (Aetideidae and Euchaetidae) from antarctic and subantarctic waters. In Pawson D. L. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas VII. American Geophysical Union, Washington. Antarct. Res. Ser. 27: 91–290.

  • Park, T., 1980. Calanoid copepods of the genusScolecithricella from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. In Kornicker L. S. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas IX. American Geophysical Union, Washington. Antarct. Res. Ser. 31: 25–79.

  • Park, T., 1982. Calanoid copepods of the genusScaphocalanus from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. In Kornicker L. S. (ed.), Biology of the Antarctic Seas XI. American Geophysical Union, Washington. Antarct. Res. Ser. 34: 75–127.

  • Park, T., 1994a. Geographic distribution of the bathypelagic genusParaeuchaeta (Copepoda, Calanoida). In Ferrari, F. D. & B. P. Bradley (eds), Ecology and Morphology of Copepods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Dev. Hydrobiol. 102/Hydrobiologia 292/293: 317–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, T., 1994b. Taxonomy and distribution of the marine calanoid copepod family Euchaetidae. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. 29: 1–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierrot-Bults, A. C., 1997. Biological diversity in oceanic macrozooplankton: More than counting species. In Ormond, R. F. G. J. D. Gage & M. V. Angel (eds), Marine Biodiversity, Patterns and Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 69–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirrie, D., J. A. Crame, J. B. Riding, A. R. Butcher & P. D. Taylor, 1997. Miocene glaciomarine sedimentation in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region: the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Hobbs Glacier Formation, James Ross Island. Geol. Mag. 136: 745–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razouls, C., 1995. Diversité et répartition géographique chez les copépodes pélagiques, 1. Calanoida. Ann. Institut Oceanogr., Paris 71: 81–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razouls, C., 1996. Diversité et répartition géographique chez les copépodes pélagiques, 2. Platycopioida, Misophrioida, Mormonilloida, Cyclopoida, Poecilostomatoida, Siphonostomatoida, Harpacticoida, Monstrilloida. Ann. Institut Oceanogr., Paris 72: 5–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, H. S. J., 1972a. The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations of calanoid copepods collected on the SOND cruise, 1965. I. The total population and general discussion. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 52: 277–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, H. S. J., 1972b. The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations of calanoid copepods collected on the SOND cruise, 1965. II. Systematic account: Families Calanidae up to and including the Aetideidae. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 52: 315–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, H. S. J., 1972c. The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations of calanoid copepods collected on the SOND cruise, 1965.III. Systematic account: Families Euchaetidae up to and including Metridiidae J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 52: 525–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, H. S. J., 1972d. The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations of calanoid copepods collected on the SOND cruise, 1965. IV. Systematic account of families Lucicutiidae to Candaciidae. The relative abundance of the numerically most important genera. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 52: 1021–1044.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, H., 1988. Midwater biomass profiles over the Madeira Abyssal Plain and the contribution of copepods. In Boxshall, G. A. & H. K. Schminke (eds), Biology of Copepods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Dev. Hydrobiol. 47/Hydrobiologia 167/168: 169–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, G. T., 1981. The deep-sea ecosystem. In Longhurst A. R. (ed.), Analysis of Marine Ecosystems. Academic Press, London: 235–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotto Di Carlo, B., A. Ianora, E. Fresi & J. Hure, 1984. Vertical zonation patterns for Mediterranean copepods from the surface to 3000 m at a fixed station in the Tyrrhenian Sea. J. Plankton Res. 6: 1031–1056.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scotto Di Carlo, B., A. Ianora, M. G. Mazzocchi & M. Scardi, 1991.Atlantis II Cruise: uniformity of deep copepod assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea.. J. Plankton. Res. 13: 263–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih, C. T., 1979. East-west diversity. In Van Der Spoel S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds), Zoogeography and Diversity in Plankton. Edward Arnold-London, Bunge Scientific Publishers, Utrecht: 87–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smetacek, V., R. Scharek & E.-M.. Nöthig, 1990. Seasonal and regional variation in the pelagial and its relationship to the life history cycle of krill. In Kerry K. R. & G. Hempel (eds), Antarctic Ecosystems. Ecological Change and Conservation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg: 105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanimura, A., T. Hoshiai & M. Fukuchi, 1996. The life cycle strategy of the ice-associated copepod,Paralabidocera antarctica (Calanoida, Copepoda) at Syowa Station, Antarctica. Antarc. Sci. 8: 257–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thistle, D., 1998. Harpacticoid copepod diversity at two physically reworked sites in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res. Part II 45: 13–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thuesen, E. V., C. B. Miller & J. J. Childress, 1998. Ecophysiological interpretation of oxygen consumption rates and enzymatic activities of deep-sea copepods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 168: 95–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. J., A. V. Aarset, J. Donnelly, T. L. Hopkins, T.M. Lancroft & D. G. Ainley, 1994a. Metabolism of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea as a function of depth of occurrence and season. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 113: 207–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, J. J., J. Donnelly, T. L. Hopkins, T. M. Lancraft, A.V. Aarset & D. G. Ainley, 1994b. Proximate composition and overwintering strategies of Antarctic micronektonic Crustacea.. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 113: 221–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, P. A., 1988. Seasonality in the deep-sea. Oceanogr. mar. biol. Ann. Rev. 26: 227–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Spoel, S. & D. Boltovskoy, 1981. Pteropoda. In Boltovskoy D. (ed.), Atlas del Zooplancton del Atlantico Sudoccidental y Metodos de Trabajo con el Zooplancton Marino. Instituto Nacional de Investigació n y Desarrollo Pesquero, Mar del Plata: 493–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Spoel, S. & P. P. Heyman, 1983. A comparative atlas of zooplankton. biological patterns in the oceans. Springer-Verlag, Berlin: 186 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Spoel, S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults, 1979. Zoogeography of the Pacific Ocean. In Van Der Spoel S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds), Zoogeography and Diversity in Plankton. Edward Arnold-London, Bunge Scientific Publishers, Utrecht: 293–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Soest, R.W.M., 1979. North-South diversity. In Van Der Spoel S. & A. C. Pierrot-Bults (eds), Zoogeography and Diversity in Plankton. Edward Arnold-London, Bunge Scientific Publishers, Utrecht: 103–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vervoort, W., 1951. Plankton copepods from the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Section 2, 47: 1–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vervoort, W., 1957. Copepods from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic plankton samples. British New Zealand Ant. Res. Exped., Ser. B 3: 1–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P., A. Atkinson, A. W. A. Murray, A. G. Wood, R. Williams & S. A. Poulet, 1995. The summer zooplankton community at South Georgia: biomass, vertical migration and grazing. Pol. Biol. 15: 195–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. & D. B. Robins, 1987. The reproductive biology ofEuchaeta antarctica Giesbrecht (Copepoda: Calanoida) at South Georgia. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 108: 127–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P. & R. S. Shreeve, 1999. The spring mesozooplankton community at South Georgia: a comparison of shelf and oceanic sites. Pol. Biol. 22: 289–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassmann, P., R. Peinert & V. Smetacek, 1991. Patterns of production and sedimentation in the boreal and polar Northeast Atlantic. Polar Res. 10: 209–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wefer, G., G. Fischer, D. Füetterer & R. Gersonde, 1988. Seasonal particle flux in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res. 35: 891–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, B. N., 1994. Vicariance biogeography of the open-ocean Pacific. Prog. Oceanogr. 34: 257–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, M. G., 1984. Marine benthos. In Laws R. M. (ed.), Antarctic Ecology, Vol. 2. Academic Press, London: 421–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wishner, K. F., 1980. The biomass of deep-sea benthopelagic plankton. Deep-Sea Res. 27: 203–216.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K.

    Peter Ward

  2. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K.

    Rachael S. Shreeve

Authors
  1. Peter Ward
  2. Rachael S. Shreeve

Rights and permissions

About this article

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from ¥17,985 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Advertisement


[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp