Pan-slavism is one of the elusive idea-concepts which can be easily defined. But the historian can hardly say how far they correspond to a political reality which exercises a decisive impact on the course of history. A similar contemporary ideaconcept is Pan-Africanism, propagated and commended by most Africans. So far it has failed to create a political or economic union. The only example of that kind, and that on a very minor scale, the Mali Federation, dissolved after a short existence. The same holds true of another similar concept, Pan-Scandinavianism, which is approximately as old as Pan-Slavism but better based on a much closer cultural and religious affinity.

¹ SeeHalecki,Oscar, “The Renaissance Origin of Panslavism,”The Polish Review,III (1958),7–19Google Scholar andTamborra,Angelo, “Panslavismo e solidarietà slava,”Questioni di Storia Contemporanea (Milan,1955),II,1777–1872Google Scholar.

² “Panslavism as a public movement did not assert itself in Russia until the Crimean War and the beginning of Alexander II's reign in 1855.”Petrovich,Michael Boro,The Emergence of Russian Panslavism 1856–1870 (New York,1956), p.3Google Scholar. But even Prince Alexander Gorchakov (1798–1883) who during the whole period (from 1856 to 1882) was Russian Foreign Minister and later Chancellor, the first “Russian” in this post, “had always been contemptuous of the Panslavic program.”Ibid., p. 121. See alsoKohn,Hans,Pan-Slavism, its History and Ideology,2nd ed. (New York,1960), p.126Google Scholar.

³ SeePetrovich,Michael B., “L'udovit Stur and Russian Panslavism,”Journal of Central European Affairs,XII (1952),1–19Google Scholar andKohn,Hans,op. cit., pp.15–18Google Scholar.

⁴Thomson,S. Harrison,Czechoslovakia in European History (Princeton,1943), p.230Google Scholar.

⁵ SeeKohn,Hans,Prophets and Peoples. Studies in Nineteenth Century Nationalism (New York,1946), pp.94, 185, 188Google Scholar, andTamborra,Angelo,op. cit., pp.1822–1827Google Scholar.

⁶ SeeKohn,Hans,Pan-Slavism, pp.102–122Google Scholar.

⁷ For the various federal ideas of that period, seeDroz,Jacques,L'Europe Centrale. Evolution historique de I'idée de Mitteleuropa (Paris,1960)Google Scholar.

⁸ Quoted inMay,Arthur J.,The Hapsburg Monarchy 1867–1914 (Cambridge, Mass.,1951), p.275Google Scholar.

⁹ SeeKann,Robert A.,The Multinational Empire (New York,1950),I,327Google Scholar.

¹⁰ SeeKohn,Hans,Pan-Slavism, pp.23–26Google Scholar.

¹¹Masaryk,T. G.,Světoá revoluce za války a ve válce 1914–1918 (rev. ed.,Prague,1933), p.15Google Scholar.

¹²Seton-Watson,R. W.,Masaryk in England (New York,1943), pp.40, 44f, 54fGoogle Scholar.

¹³Masaryk,,Světová revoluce, p.26Google Scholar. On the “abysmal ignorance” of Russian statesmen regarding the southern Slavs, seeSeton-Watson,,op. cit., p.67Google Scholar.

¹⁴Beneě,Edvard,Uvahy o slovanství. Hlavní probémy slovanské politiky (Prague,1947), p.300Google Scholar.

¹⁵ SeeKohn,Hans,Pan-Slavism, pp.190–208Google Scholar.