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²Roniger,Luis, “Clientalism and Patron-Client Relations: A Bibliography,” inPolitical Clientalism, Patronage and Development, ed.Eisenstadt,S.N. andLemarchand,René (Beverly Hills:Sage,1981), pp.297–330.Google Scholar

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⁶ Until recently, a correspondent affliction affected Ottoman imperial historians as well. SeeFaroqhi,Suraiya, “Coping with the Central State, Coping with Local Power: Ottoman Regions and Notables from the Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century,” inThe Ottomans and the Balkans: A Discussion of Historiography, ed.Adanir,Fikret andFaroqhi,Suraiya (Leiden:Brill,2002), pp.351–81.Google Scholar

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⁸ SeeNaff,Thomas,Paths to the Middle East: Ten Scholars Look Back (Albany:SUNY Press,1993), p.48.Google Scholar The categories “foreigners,” “notables,” and “common people” are Lapidus’s. SeeLapidus,Ira, “Muslim Urban Society in Mamluk Syria,” inThe Islamic City: A Colloquium, ed.Hourani,A.H. andStern,S.M. (Oxford:Bruno Cassirer,1970), pp.195–205.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ According to E.P. Thompson, for example, “No thoughtful historian should characterize a whole society as paternalist or patriarchal. But paternalism can, as in Tsarist Russia, Meiji Japan, or in certain slave-holding societies, be a profoundly important component not only of ideology but of the actual institutional mediation of social relations.”Thompson,E.P., “Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle Without Class?,”Social History3:2 (May1978):137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁹Hourani,, “Ottoman Reform,” p.100Google Scholar;Kedourie,Elie, “Pan-Arabism and British Policy,” inThe Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies (Chicago:Ivan R. Dee,2004), p.213.Google Scholar

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³² For a more detailed discussion of these issues, see my “Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?: Reassessing the Lineages of Nationalism in Bilad al-Sham,” inPhilipp,Thomas andSchumann,Christoph (eds.),From the Syrian Land to the State of Syria (Würtzburg:ERGON Verlag,2004), pp.127–44Google Scholar; “Modernityand Its Discontents: On the Durability of Nationalism in the Arab Middle East,”Nations and Nationalism 5:1 (January 1999): 71–89;Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

³³Dawn,, “From Ottomanism to Arabism,” p.377.Google Scholar

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