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Can likes returned by peers within a day improve users’ depressive/manic levels in a massive multiplayer online game? A randomized controlled trial

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Abstract

Associations exist between avatars’ behaviors in massive multiplayer online games (MMOGs) and their users’ depressive/manic levels; however, these causal relationships remain unclear. Therefore, we designed a parallel-group superiority trial to examine the causal effects of an avatar’s “likes” on its user’s depressive/manic levels. In total, 416 users of Pigg Party, a popular MMOG in Japan, were recruited and randomly assigned to the morning, evening, all-day, and waitlist groups. The morning and evening groups were asked to send likes to their peers at least five times during a specific period (7:00 AM to 8:00 AM and 7:00 PM to 8:00 PM, respectively) for four weeks, and the all-day group was asked to send likes anytime during the day (12:00 AM to 11:59 PM). The waitlist group did not receive any interventions. Depression and manic levels were measured before and after the intervention using self-reported questionnaires. In the all-day group, after sending a like to a peer, the frequency of receiving a like back from that peer was slightly higher, and its frequency was significantly negatively correlated with the level of depression. These results suggest that the exchange of likes on the MMOG can reduce depression levels of its users.

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Data availability

Due to the contract with the funding organization, the current dataset is not publicly available in a repository. Especially in Japan, the confidentiality of communications between individual users is strictly enforced. Therefore, this study cannot analyze the contents of chats and their partners, and, of course, cannot disclose them to third parties.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Tai Kurosawa of Ibaraki Christian University for his help in back-translating the Brief Social Rhythm Scale. Part of this study was orally presented in Japanese at the 85th National Conference of the Information Processing Society of Japan, 2023.

Funding

Kenji Yokotani was funded by a grant from CyberAgent, Inc. (Grant number: akblab-0005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-1, Minamijosanjimacho, Tokushima-Shi, Tokushima, 770-0814, Japan

    Kenji Yokotani

  2. Multidisciplinary Information Science Center, CyberAgent, Inc., Tokyo, Japan

    Masanori Takano

  3. Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Nobuhito Abe

Authors
  1. Kenji Yokotani

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  2. Masanori Takano

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  3. Nobuhito Abe

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Contributions

Kenji Yokotani: Conceptualization, interpretation, writing of the original draft, writing of the review, data collection, data review, and data analysis. Masanori Takano: conceptualization, investigation, interpretation, data collection, and data review. Nobuhito Abe Conceptualization, interpretation, and data review. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toKenji Yokotani.

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Conflict of interest

Kenji Yokotani was funded by CyberAgent, Inc. Masanori Takano was an employee of CyberAgent, Inc. Nobuhito Abe does not have any conflicts of interest with respect to this study.

Ethical consideration

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Technology, Industrial, and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, on March 22, 2022 (registration number 262). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards.

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Yokotani, K., Takano, M. & Abe, N. Can likes returned by peers within a day improve users’ depressive/manic levels in a massive multiplayer online game? A randomized controlled trial.J Comput Soc Sc7, 2333–2357 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-024-00312-4

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