Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

1. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 (Suppl.):S24–101.

2. Martins IP, Parreira E. Behavioral response to headache: a comparison between migraine and tension-type headache. Headache. 2001;41:546–53.

   Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

3. Bag B, Karabulut N. Pain-relieving factors in migraine and tension-type headache. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59:760–3.

   Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

4. Young WB, Silberstein SD. Migraine and other headaches. New York: AAN Press, Demos Medical Publishing; 2004.

   Google Scholar 

5. Pearce JM. Historical aspects of migraine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49:1097–103.

   Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

6. Selby G, Lance JW. Observation on 500 cases of migraine and allied vascular headaches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:23–32.

   Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

7. Lance JW, Anthony M. Some clinical aspects of migraine. A prospective survey of 500 patients. Arch Neurol. 1966;15:356–61.

   Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

8. Silberstein SD. Migraine symptoms: results of a survey of self-reported migraineurs. Headache. 1995;35:387–96.

   Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

9. • Lipton RB, Buse DC, Saiers J, et al. Frequency and burden of headache-related nausea: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2012;53:93–103.Persons with high-frequency nausea were found to bear higher burden of migraine, associated with being occupationally disabled and having more financial burden.

   Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

10. Gupta R, Bhatia MS. A report of cranial autonomic symptoms in migraineurs. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:22–8.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

11. Eidlitz-Markus T, Gorali O, Haimi-Cohen Y, et al. Symptoms of migraine in the paediatric population by age group. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:1259–63.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

12. Gershon MD, Chalazonitis A, Rothman TP. From neural crest to bowel: development of the enteric nervous system. J Neurobiol. 1993;24:199–214.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

13. Mayer EA. Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:453–66.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

14. Gulbransen BD, Sharkey KA. Novel functional roles for enteric glia in the gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;9:625–32.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

15. Benarroch EE. Enteric nervous system: functional organization and neurologic implications. Neurology. 2007;69:1953–7.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

16. Holzer P, Reichmann F, Farzi A. Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide in the gut-brain axis. Neuropeptides. 2012;46:261–74.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

17. Becker DE. Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanism and treatment. Anesthesia Progress. 2010;57:150–6.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

18. Sanger GJ, Andrews PL. Treatment of nausea and vomiting: gaps in our knowledge. Auton Neurosci. 2006;129:3–16.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

19. Andrews PL, Horn CC. Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Auton Neurosci. 2006;125:100–15.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

20. • Napadow V, Sheehan JD, Kim J, et al. The brain circuitry underlying the temporal evolution of nausea in humans. Cereb Cortex. 2013;23:806–13.Nausea evoked by visual stimuli is mapped with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

21. Shapiro RE, Miselis RR. The central organization of the vagus nerve innervating the stomach of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1985;238:473–88.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

22. Travagli RA, Hermann GE, Browning KN, et al. Brainstem circuits regulating gastric function. Annu Rev Physiol. 2006;68:279–305.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

23. Hornby PJ. Receptors and transmission in the brain-gut axis. II Excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain-gut axis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;280:G1055–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

24. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2006. p. 823–4.

    Google Scholar 

25. McCarthy LE, Borison HL. Cisplatin-induced vomiting eliminated by ablation of the area postrema in cats. Cancer Treat Rep. 1984;68:401–4.

    PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

26. Lewis T. Pain. New York: Macmillan; 1942. p. 192.

27. Troncon LE, Thompson DG, Ahluwalia NK, et al. Relations between upper abdominal symptoms and gastric distension abnormalities in dysmotility like functional dyspepsia and after vagotomy. Gut. 1995;37:17–22.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

28. Miller AD, Nonaka S, Jakus J. Brain areas essential or non-essential for emesis. Brain Res. 1994;647:255–64.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

29. Ahn AH, Brennan KC. Unanswered questions in headache: how does a migraine attack stop? Headache. 2012;52:186–7.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

30. Shapiro RE. How do migraine attacks stop? Headache. 2012;52:191–2.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

31. Vingen JV, Sand T, Stovner LJ. Sensitivity to various stimuli in primary headaches: a questionnaire study. Headache. 1999;39:552–8.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

32. Kelman L. The triggers or precipitants of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:394–402.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

33. Wober C, Brannath W, Schmidt K, et al. Prospective analysis of factors related to migraine attacks: the PAMINA study. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:304–14.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

34. Aurora SK, Kori SH, Barrodale P, et al. Gastric stasis in migraine: more than just a paroxysmal abnormality during a migraine attack. Headache. 2006;46:57–63.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

35. Aurora S, Kori S, Barrodale P, Nelsen A, et al. Gastric stasis occurs in spontaneous, visually induced, and interictal migraine. Headache. 2007;47:1443–6.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

36. • Aurora SK, Papapetropoulos S, Kori SH, et al. Gastric stasis in migraineurs: Etiology, characteristics, and clinical and therapeutic implications. Cephalalgia. 2013;33:408–15.A review on the physiologic link between migraine and autonomic dysfunction, specifically gastric stasis.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

37. Volans GN. Absorption of effervescent aspirin during migraine. Br Med J. 1974;4:265–8.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

38. Hasler WL, Wilson LA, Parkman HP, et al. Factors related to abdominal pain in gastroparesis: contrast to patients with predominant nausea and vomiting. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Feb 17 [Epub ahead of print].

39. Eadie MJ. An 18th century understanding of migraine - Samuel Tissot (1728–1797). J Clin Neurosci. 2003;10:414–9.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

40. Parkman HP, Yates K, Hasler WL. et al; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium. Clinical features of idiopathic gastroparesis vary with sex, body mass, symptom onset, delay in gastric emptying, and gastroparesis severity. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:101–15.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

41. Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Monteith T, et al. Investigating the premonitory phase of migraine with H₂¹⁵O PET. Cephalalgia. 2013;33(8 Suppl):12.

    Google Scholar 

42. Rinaman L, Card JP, Schwaber JS, Miselis RR. Ultrastructural demonstration of a gastric monosynaptic vagal circuit in the nucleus of the solitary tract in rat. J Neurosci. 1989;9:1985–96.

    PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

43. Zhang W, Segura BJ, Lin TR, et al. Intercellular calcium waves in cultured enteric glia from neonatal guinea pig. Glia. 2003;42:252–62.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

44. Brennan KC, Bates EA, Shapiro RE, et al. Casein kinase Iδ mutations in familial migraine and advanced sleep phase. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5:(183)ra56.

45. Lenaerts ME, Oommen KJ, Couch JR, et al. Can vagus nerve stimulation help migraine? Cephalalgia. 2008;28:392–5.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

46. Holtmann G, Goebell H, Jockenhoevel F, et al. Altered vagal and intestinal mechanosensory function in chronic unexplained dyspepsia. Gut. 1998;42:501–6.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

47. Zhang X, Cao B, Yan N, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates visceral pain-related affective memory. Behav Brain Res. 2013;236:8–15.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

48. Chen SL, Wu XY, Cao ZJ, et al. Subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent nerves modulate visceral pain. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294:G1441–9.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

49. Sadler RM, Purdy RA, Sahey S. Vagal nerve stimulation aborts migraine in patient with intractable epilepsy. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:482–4.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

50. Hord ED, Evans MS, Mueed S, et al. The effect of vagus nerve stimulation on migraines. J Pain. 2003;4:530–4.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

51. Mauskop A. Vagus nerve stimulation relieves chronic refractory migraine and cluster headaches. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:82–6.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

52. Cecchini AP, Mea E, Tullo V, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in drug-resistant daily chronic migraine with depression: Preliminary data. Neurol Sci. 2009;30 Suppl 1:S101–4.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

53. Goadsby, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for acute treatment of migraine: an open-label pilot study, presented at the 2013 AAN Meeting, San Diego, CA, 20 March 2013.

54. Randich A, Gebhart GF. Vagal afferent modulation of nociception. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1992;17:77–99.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

55. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine attacks. Ann Neurol. 1990;28:183–7.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

56. Lassen LH, Haderslev PA, Jacobsen VB, et al. CGRP may play a causative role in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2002;22:54–61.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

57. Ho AP, Dahlof CG, Silberstein SD, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of telcagepant over four migraine attacks. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:1443–57.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

58. Bigal ME, Walter S, Rapoport AM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and migraine: Current understanding and state of development. Headache. 2013, in press.

59. Rowe JW, Shelton RL, Helderman JH. Influence of the emetic reflex on vasopressin release in man. Kidney Int. 1979;16:729–35.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

60. Faull CM, Rooke P, Baylis PH. The effect of a highly specific serotonin agonist on osmoregulated vasopressin secretion in healthy man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1991;35:423–30.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

61. Gupta VK. A clinical review of the adaptive role of vasopressin in migraine. Cephalalgia. 1997;17:561–9.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

62. Berkenbosch F, De Goeij DC, Tilders FJ. Hypoglycemia enhances turnover of corticotropin-releasing factor and of vasopressin in the zona externa of the rat median eminence. Endocrinology. 1989;125:28–34.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

63. Gupta VK. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: anticipatory stress response in migraine? Headache. 2004;44:106–7.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

64. Raskind MA, Courtney N, Murburg MM, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and plasma vasopressin in normal and acute schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1987;22:453–62.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

65. Porth CJ, Bamarah VS, Tristani FE, et al. The Valsalva maneuver: mechanisms and clinical implications. Heart Lung. 1984;13:507–18.

    PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

66. Olesen J, Burstein R, Ashina M, et al. Origin of pain in migraine: evidence for peripheral sensitization. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:679–90.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

67. Wolff HG Headache and other head pain. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1963.

68. Iversen HK, Nielsen TH, Olesen J, et al. Arterial responses during migraine headache. Lancet. 1990;336:837–9.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

69. Wienecke T, Olesen J, Ashina M. Prostaglandin I2 (epoprostenol) triggers migraine-like attacks in migraineurs. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:179–90.

    PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

70. Blau JN, Dexter SL. The site of pain origin during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia. 1981;1:143–7.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

71. Drummond PD, Lance JW. Extracranial vascular changes and the source of pain in migraine headache. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:32–7.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

72. Lipton SA. Prevention of classic migraine headache by digital massage of the superficial temporal arteries during visual aura. Ann Neurol. 1986;19:515–6.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

73. Vijayan N. Head band for migraine headache relief. Headache. 1993;33:40–2.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

74. Hmaidan Y, Cianchetti C. Effectiveness of a prolonged compression of scalp arteries on migraine attacks. J Neurol. 2006;253:811–12.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

75. • Cianchetti C. The role of neurovascular scalp structures in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2012;32:778–84.A review suggesting the role of scalp neurovascular structures in the production of migraine pain in at least part of the migraine patient population.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

76. Kruuse C, Thomsen LL, Birk S, et al. Migraine can be induced by sildenafil without changes in middle cerebral artery diameter. Brain. 2003;126:241–7.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

77. Amin FM, Asghar MS, Hougaard A, et al. Magnetic resonance angiography of intracranial and extracranial arteries in patients with spontaneous migraine without aura: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:454–61.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

78. Rahmann A, Wienecke T, Hansen JM, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide causes marked cephalic vasodilation, but does not induce migraine. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:226–36.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

79. Dodick DW. Examining the essence of migraine – is it the blood vessel or the brain? A debate Headache. 2008;48:661–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

80. Hansen JM, Sitarz J, Birk S, et al. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide evokes only a minimal headache in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:992–1003.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

81. Amin FM, Asghar MS, Ravneberg JW, et al. The effect of sumatriptan on cephalic arteries: A 3T MR-angiography study in healthy volunteers. Cephalalgia. 2013 Apr 15 [Epub ahead of print].

82. Tissot, S-A, Traité des nerfs et de leurs maladies, 1778, IX p.90–173. A Lausanne: Chex François Grasset & Comp.

83. Ellis GL, Delaney J, DeHart DA, et al. The efficacy of metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine headache. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:191–5.

    Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

84. Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;11, CD008040.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

85. Derry S, Rabbie R, Moore RA. Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2, CD008783.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

86. Rabbie R, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Ibuprofen with or without antiemetic for acute migraine headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;10, CD008039.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

87. Yin J, Abell TD, McCallum RW, et al. Gastric neuromodulation with Enterra system for nausea and vomiting in patients with gastroparesis. Neuromodulation. 2012;15:224–31.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

88. Abell TL, Johnson WD, Kedar A, Runnels JM, Thompson J, Weeks ES, et al. A double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of temporary endoscopic mucosal gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:496–503.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references