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Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city

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Abstract

Tropical cities provide challenging conditions for resident wild species to undertake critical activities such as roosting and breeding. Tree-nesting waterbirds are widespread urban inhabitants but how they choose sites for these critical activities in urban areas, and whether requirements vary by species, are poorly understood. We assessed whether waterbirds chose roosting and nesting sites using similar cues in a rapidly urbanising small Indian city, Udaipur. Roost sites (N = 78, 17 species especiallyArdeola grayii,Bubulcus ibis,Pseudibis papillosa) were located mostly beside roads and wetlands. Nest sites (N = 130, 12 species especiallyB. ibis,P. papillosa andAnastomus oscitans) were different from roost sites and were located mostly in built-up areas and wetlands. Waterbirds used 23 of 39 available tree species for roosting and nesting, strongly preferring snags and the largest trees of introduced (Azadirachta indica), native (Ficus spp.,Vachellia nilotica) and exotic (Eucalyptus sp.) species. Site locations for both activities were associated negatively with built-up areas at the smallest spatial scale. At larger spatial scales they were associated positively with wetlands and built-up areas, with waterbirds entirely avoiding the Aravalli mountains. Individual waterbird species displayed idiosyncrasies in choice of tree species but used similar cues to locate roost and nest sites. Retaining large trees and wetlands across Udaipur city is essential to allow space for waterbirds’ critical activities. The scale and diversity of waterbirds roosting and nesting in Udaipur city is unprecedented suggesting that the ability of small tropical cities to aid urban biodiversity conservation has been overlooked.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the Sukhadia University, especially the Department of Zoology, to Kanishka Mehta during the completion of her graduate programme. Discussions, advice and field assistance provided by the following people were critical in completing this work and we extend our thanks to these people: H. Ameta, K. Kothari, A. Mitra and S.K. Sharma.

Funding

K.M. received funding support from WWF-India via their small grants programme.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India

    Kanishka Mehta & Vijay K. Koli

  2. 13A, Arihant Greens, Govardhan Vilas, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India

    Swati Kittur & K. S. Gopi Sundar

Authors
  1. Kanishka Mehta

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  2. Vijay K. Koli

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  3. Swati Kittur

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  4. K. S. Gopi Sundar

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Contributions

Conceptualization: K.S.G.S.; Methodology: K.S.G.S., V.K.K., S.K., K.M.; Field work: K.M.; Formal analysis and investigation: K.S.G.S., S.K.; Writing - original draft preparation: K.S.G.S.; Writing - review and editing: K.M., V.K.K., S.K.; Funding acquisition: K.M., V.K.K., K.S.G.S.; Resources: V.K.K., S.K., K.S.G.S.; Supervision: V.K.K., K.S.G.S. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toK. S. Gopi Sundar.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. **(Comment: Please upload the revised files and not the older files that are currently downloading when links are clicked. New files have common names of the birds along with the Latin names as suggested by reviewers. Also, some errors need correction. In Supp Material 1, “Macrocarbo” needs to be “Microcarbo”. In Supp Material 3, “Indian Cormorant “Phalacrocorax fuscicollis” needs to be “Little CormorantMicrocarbo niger”.)**

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Mehta, K., Koli, V.K., Kittur, S.et al. Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city.Urban Ecosyst27, 1279–1290 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5

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