- Christine C. Rega-Brodsky ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-14651,
- Myla F. J. Aronson ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-8717-792X2,
- Max R. Piana ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-707X3,
- Ela-Sita Carpenter ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-38234,
- Amy K. Hahs ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0003-0163-67325,
- Adriana Herrera-Montes6,
- Sonja Knapp ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-46917,
- D. Johan Kotze ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-44208,
- Christopher A. Lepczyk ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-31599,
- Marco Moretti ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-5845-319810,
- Allyson B. Salisbury ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-917511,
- Nicholas S. G. Williams ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0001-6291-94835,
- Kirsten Jung ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-221512,
- Madhusudan Katti ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-356213,
- Ian MacGregor-Fors ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0003-3198-73228,
- J. Scott MacIvor ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-2443-819214,
- Frank A. La Sorte ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-250115,
- Vallari Sheel ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-6800-566316,
- Caragh G. Threfall ORCID:orcid.org/0000-0002-4197-858817 &
- …
- Charles H. Nilon18
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Abstract
Since the 1990s, recognition of urban biodiversity research has increased steadily. Knowledge of how ecological communities respond to urban pressures can assist in addressing global questions related to biodiversity. To assess the state of this research field in meeting this aim, we conducted a systematic review of the urban biodiversity literature published since 1990. We obtained data from 1209 studies that sampled ecological communities representing 12 taxonomic groups. While advances have been made in the field over the last 30 years, we found that urban biodiversity research has primarily been conducted in single cities within the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, within forest remnants and residential locations, and predominantly surveys plants and birds, with significant gaps in research within the Global South and little integration of multi-species and multi-trophic interactions. Sample sizes remain limited in spatial and temporal scope, but citizen science and remote sensing resources have broadened these efforts. Analytical approaches still rely on taxonomic diversity to describe urban plant and animal communities, with increasing numbers of integrated phylogenetic and trait-based analyses. Despite the implementation of nature-based solutions across the world’s cities, only 5% of studies link biodiversity to ecosystem function and services, pointing to substantial gaps in our understanding of such solutions. We advocate for future research that encompasses a greater diversity of taxonomic groups and urban systems, focusing on biodiversity hotspots. Implementing such research would enable researchers to move forward in an equitable and multidisciplinary way to tackle the complex issues facing global urban biodiversity.
Graphical abstract
Word cloud from titles of 1209 publications on urban biodiversity from 1990–2018.
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Availability of data and material
The dataset is available via the UrBioNet Database on the University of Missouri’s MOspace athttps://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/46235.
Code availability
Web of Science search terms are provided within the Supplementary Information.
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Acknowledgements
This study resulted from a workshop held at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, funded by the National Science Foundation’s UrBioNet Research Coordination Network (grant no. DEB 1354676/1355151). We thank Carmela Buono, Eliana Geretz, Chris Hensley, Natalia Schneider, Hui-Anne Tan, and Christopher Trisos for their assistance with aspects of the data collection and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the draft manuscript.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Science Foundation’s UrBioNet Research Coordination Network (grant no. DEB 1354676/1355151).
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Authors and Affiliations
Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA
Christine C. Rega-Brodsky
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08816, USA
Myla F. J. Aronson
USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
Max R. Piana
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr, Annapolis, MD, 21401, USA
Ela-Sita Carpenter
School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Burnley Campus 500 Yarra Blvd, Richmond, 3121 VIC, Australia
Amy K. Hahs & Nicholas S. G. Williams
Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Adriana Herrera-Montes
Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
Sonja Knapp
Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
D. Johan Kotze & Ian MacGregor-Fors
School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
Christopher A. Lepczyk
Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Marco Moretti
The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
Allyson B. Salisbury
Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89077, Ulm, Germany
Kirsten Jung
Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Faculty Excellence Program for Leadership in Public Science, North Carolina State University, Chancellor’, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
Madhusudan Katti
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
J. Scott MacIvor
Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
Frank A. La Sorte
Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Campus, Box 8008, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
Vallari Sheel
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
Caragh G. Threfall
School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
Charles H. Nilon
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This study was developed during the UrBioNet workshop held at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 27–31 March 2017. All authors either designed the study, conducted the literature search, and/or reviewed studies resulting from the literature search. CCR-B, MFJA, MRP, AKH, and NSGW analyzed the data. CCR-B and MFJA wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript, and approved its final form.
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Correspondence toChristine C. Rega-Brodsky.
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Rega-Brodsky, C.C., Aronson, M.F.J., Piana, M.R.et al. Urban biodiversity: State of the science and future directions.Urban Ecosyst25, 1083–1096 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-022-01207-w
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