• American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) (2000) Annual book of ASTM standards, vol. 04.08: soil and rock (I). Standard No. D 2487-00 “Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purpose (Unified Soil Classification System)”, Standard No. D 3080-98 “Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions”, West Conshohocken, 246–257, 324–329

• Bhat DR, Bhandary NP, Yatabe R, Tiwari RC (2011) Residual-state creep test in modified torsional ring shear machine: methods and implications. Int J Geomater 1(1):39–43

  Google Scholar 

• Bhat DR, Bhandary NP, Yatabe R (2013) Residual-state creep behavior of typical clays. Nat Hazards 69(3):2161–2178

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bishop AW, Green GE, Garga VK, Andresen A, Brown JD (1971) A new ring shear apparatus and its application to the measurement of residual strength. Geotechnique 21(4):273–328

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Borja RI (1992) Generalized creep and stress relaxation model for clays. J Geotech Eng 118(11):1765

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Brπob CC (1987) Rheologic theory of soil mechanics. Science Press, Beijing,342 pp (In Chinese) (Original in Russia, translated by Du Yupei)

  Google Scholar 

• Carrubba P, Del Fabbro M (2008) Laboratory investigation on reactivated residual strength. J Geotech Geoenviron 134(3):302–315

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Changyun C, Jinwei R, Guojie M, Yang P, Junlong Z, Xiaoning S (2012) Analysis of modern activity of major faults in northeast margin of Baryan-Har block. J Geodesy Geodyn 32(3):27–30(in Chinese with English abstract)

  Google Scholar 

• Christensen RW, Wu TH (1964) Analyses of clay deformation as a rate process. J Soil Mech Found Div ASCE 90(6):125–157

  Google Scholar 

• Di Maio C, Vassallo R, Vallario M (2013) Plastic and viscous shear displacements of a deep and very slow landslide in stiff clay formation. Eng Geol 162:53–66

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Di Maio C, Scaringi IG, Vassallo IR (2015) Residual strength and creep behaviour on the slip surface of specimens of a landslide in marine origin clay shales: influence of pore fluid composition. Landslides 12(4):657–667

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Doglioni A, Simeone V (2013) Recovery of strength along shear surfaces in clay soils. In: Landslide science and practice, vol. 3, Springer. 183–188

• Eberhardt E, Bonzanizo L, Loew S (2007) Long-term investigation of deep seated creeping landslide in crystalline rock. Part I. Geological and hydromechanical factors controlling the Campo Vallemaggia landslide. Can Geotech J 44:1157–1180

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Feda J (1989) Interpretation of creep of soil by rate process theory. Geotechnique 39(4):667–677

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Feda J (2002) Notes on the effect of grain crushing on the granular soil behavior. Eng Geol 63(1–2):93–98

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Fodil A, Aloulou W, Hicher PY (1997) Viscoplastic behaviour of soft clay. Geotechnique 47(3):581–591

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Geocomp Corporation (2009) RSI ShearTrac-II user’s manual.www.geocomp.com, 40pp

• Gibo S, Egashira K, Ohtsubo M, Nakamura S (2002) Strength recovery from residual state in reactivated landslides. Geotechnique 52(9):683–686

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Graham J, Crooks JHA, Bell AL (1983) Time effects on the stress strain behavior of natural soft clays. Geotechnique 33(3):327–340

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Holtz WG, Willard M (1956) Triaxial shear characteristics of clayey gravel soils. J Soil Mech Found Eng ASCE 82:143–149

  Google Scholar 

• Irfan T, Tang K (1993) Effect of the coarse fractions on the shear strength of colluvium. Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, 223pp

• Jiang XZ, Wen BP, Jiang S, Feng CH, Zhao C, Li RD (2015) Main factors analysis for controlling kinematic behavior of the Suoertou landslide, Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition) (in Chinese with English abstract)

• Kamai T (1998) Monitoring the process of ground failure in repeated landslides and associated stability assessments. Eng Geol 50:71–84

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ledao C, Xiru T, Qiong Z (2010) Historical landslide disasters and controlling measures in Zhouqu County. Ann Gansu Province 240(10):24–25(in Chinese)

  Google Scholar 

• Mansour MF, Morgenstern NR, Martin CD (2011) Expected damage from displacement of slow-moving slides. Landslides 7(1):117–131

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Massey CI, Petley DN, McSaveney MJ (2013) Patterns of movement in reactivated landslides. Eng Geol 159:1–19

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mesri G, Choi YK (1979) Discussion: strain rate behavior of Saint Jean-Vianney clay. Can Geotech J 16(4):831–834

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mesri G, Febres-Cordero E, Shields DR, Castro A (1981) Shear stress strain-time behaviour of clays. Geotechnique 31(4):537–552

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mitchell JK, Campanella RG, Singh A (1968) Soil creep as a rate process. J Soil Mech Found Eng ASCE 94(1):231–253

  Google Scholar 

• Miura N, O-Hara S (1979) Particle crushing of a decomposed granite soil under shear stresses. Soils Found 19(3):1–14

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Moore DM, Reynolds RC Jr (1997) X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford,378pp

  Google Scholar 

• Okamoto T, Larsen JO, Matsuura S, Asano S, Takeuchi Y, Grande L (2004) Displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure in quick clay deposits and the effects of meteorological and hydrological factors. Eng Geol 72:233–251

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Saito M, Uezawa H (1961) Failure of soil due to creep. In: Proceedings of 5th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Paris, 315–318

• Shakoor A, Cook BD (1990) The effect of stone content, size and shape on the engineering properties of a compacted silty clay. Bull Assoc Eng Geol 27(2):245–253

  Google Scholar 

• Skempton AW (1964) Fourth Rankine lecture: long-term stability of clay slopes. Geotechnique 14(2):77–101

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Skempton AW (1985) Residual strength of clays in landslides, folded strata and the laboratory. Geotechnique 35(1):3–18

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Standardization Administration of China (SAC), Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Water Resources (1999) China national standards GB/T50123-1999: standard for soil test method. China Planning Press, Beijing,315pp (in Chinese)

  Google Scholar 

• Stark TD, Choi H, McCone S (2005) Drained shear strength parameters for analysis of landslides. J Geotech Geoenviron 131(5):575–588

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tavenas F, Leroueil S (1981) Creep and failure of slopes in clays. Can Geotech J 18:106–120

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ter-Stepanian G (1963) On the long term stability of slopes. Norway Geotech Inst 52:1–14

  Google Scholar 

• Ter-Stepanian G (1975) Creep of a clay during shear and its rheological model. Geotechnique 25(2):299–320

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Terzaghi K (1950) Mechanism of landslides. In: Application of geology to engineering practice, Berkley volume, Geological Society of America, 83–123

• van Asch TJW, Van Beek LPH, Bogaard TA (2007a) A comparison between theoretical and measured creep profiles of landslides. Geomorphology 3(1):45–55

  Article  Google Scholar 

• van Asch TWJ, Van Beek LPH, Bogaard TA (2007b) Problems in predicting the mobility of slow-moving landslides. Eng Geol 91:46–55

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Varnes DJ (1982) Time-deformation relations in creep to failure of earth materials. In: Proceedings of 7th Southeast Asia geotechnical conference, Hong Kong, 107–130

• Vilhar G, Jovičić V, Coop MR (2013) The role of particle breakage in the mechanics of a non-plastic silty sand. Soils Found 53(1):91–104

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Walker LK (1969) Undrained creep in a sensitive clay. Geotechnique 19(4):515–529

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wen BP, Aydin A (2004) Deformation history of a landslide slip zone in light of soil microstructure. Environ Eng Geosci 10(2):123–149

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wen BP, Aydin A, Duzgoren-Aydin NS, Li YR, Chen HY, Xiao SD (2007) Residual strength of slip zones of large landslides in the Three Gorges area, China. Eng Geol 93(3–4):82–98

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yen BC (1969) Stability of slopes undergoing creep deformation. J Soil Mech Found Eng ASCE 4:1075–1096

  Google Scholar 

• Yu JX, Zheng WJ, Yuan DY, Pang LJ, Liu XW, Liu BY (2012) Late Quaternary active characteristics and slip-rate of Pingding-Huama fault, the eastern segment of Guanggaishan-Dieshan fault zone (west Qinling Mountain). Quat Sci 32(5):957–967(in Chinese with English abstract)

  Google Scholar 

• Zhouqu Choronography Office (1995) Chronicle of events in Zhouqu County. Gansu People’s Publishing House, Lanzhou,450 pp (in Chinese)

  Google Scholar 

Download references