993Accesses
7Citations
Abstract
While centralized servers pose a risk of being a single point of failure, decentralized approaches like blockchain offer a compelling solution by implementing a consensus mechanism among multiple entities. Merging distributed computing with cryptographic techniques, decentralized technologies introduce a novel computing paradigm. Blockchain ensures secure, transparent, and tamper-proof data management by validating and recording transactions via consensus across network nodes. Federated Learning (FL), as a distributed machine learning framework, enables participants to collaboratively train models while safeguarding data privacy by avoiding direct raw data exchange. Despite the growing interest in decentralized methods, their application in FL remains underexplored. This paper presents a thorough investigation into blockchain-based FL (BCFL), spotlighting the synergy between blockchain’s security features and FL’s privacy-preserving model training capabilities. First, we present the taxonomy of BCFL from three aspects, including decentralized, separate networks, and reputation-based architectures. Then, we summarize the general architecture of BCFL systems, providing a comprehensive perspective on FL architectures informed by blockchain. Afterward, we analyze the application of BCFL in healthcare, IoT, and other privacy-sensitive areas. Finally, we identify future research directions of BCFL.
This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Subscribe and save
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
Buy Now
Price includes VAT (Japan)
Instant access to the full article PDF.




Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aich S, Sinai NK, Kumar S, Ali M, Choi YR, Joo M-I, Kim H-C (2022) Protecting personal healthcare record using blockchain & federated learning technologies. In: 2022 24th international conference on advanced communication technology (ICACT), pages 109–112. IEEE
Aloqaily M, Al Ridhawi I, Guizani M (2021) Energy-aware blockchain and federated learning-supported vehicular networks. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 23(11):22641–22652
Androulaki E, Barger A, Bortnikov V, Cachin C, Christidis K, De Caro A, Enyeart D, Ferris C, Gennady L, Yacov M et al (2018) Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth EuroSys conference. pp 1–15
Ayaz F, Sheng Z, Tian D, Guan YL (2021) A blockchain based federated learning for message dissemination in vehicular networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 71(2):1927–1940
Bai J, Zhang Z, Shen B (2022) Internet of vehicles security situation awareness based on intrusion detection protection systems. J Comput Methods Sci Eng 22(1):189–195
Berdik D, Otoum S, Schmidt N, Porter D, Jararweh Y (2021) A survey on blockchain for information systems management and security. Inf Process Manag 58(1):102397
Bhattacharya P, Tanwar S, Bodkhe U, Tyagi S, Kumar N (2019) Bindaas: blockchain-based deep-learning as-a-service in healthcare 4.0 applications. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng 8(2):1242–1255
Bonawitz K, Eichner H, Grieskamp W, Huba D, Ingerman A, Ivanov V, Kiddon C, Konečnỳ J, Mazzocchi S, McMahan B et al (2019) Towards federated learning at scale: system design. Proc Mach Learn Syst 1:374–388
Bouachir O, Aloqaily M, Özkasap Ö, Ali F (2022) Federatedgrids: federated learning and blockchain-assisted p2p energy sharing. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 6:424
California State Legislature, USA. California consumer privacy act home page.https://www.caprivacy.org/. Online; accessed 14/02/2021
Chai H, Leng S, Chen Y, Zhang K (2020) A hierarchical blockchain-enabled federated learning algorithm for knowledge sharing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 22(7):3975–3986
Chakraborty S, Chakraborty S (2022) Proof of federated training: accountable cross-network model training and inference.arXiv: 2204.06919
Che T, Liu J, Zhou Y, Ren J, Zhou J, Sheng VS, Dai H, Dou D(2023) Federated learning of large language models with parameter-efficient prompt tuning and adaptive optimization. In: Empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). pp 1–18
Che T, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Liu J, Jiang Z, Yan D, Jin R, Dou D (2022) Federated fingerprint learning with heterogeneous architectures. In: IEEE Int Conf on Data Mining (ICDM), pp 31–40. IEEE
Chen H, Chen N, Liu H, Zhang H, Xu J, Chen H, Li Y (2021) Repbfl: reputation based blockchain-enabled federated learning framework for data sharing in internet of vehicles. In: International conference on parallel and distributed computing: applications and technologies, pp 536–547. Springer
Chen J-H, Chen M-R, Zeng G-Q, Weng J-S (2021) Bdfl: a byzantine-fault-tolerance decentralized federated learning method for autonomous vehicle. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(9):8639–8652
Chen X, Ji J, Luo C, Liao W, Li P (2018) When machine learning meets blockchain: a decentralized, privacy-preserving and secure design. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on big data (big data), pages 1178–1187. IEEE
Chen Y, Chen Q, Xie YX (2020) A methodology for high-efficient federated-learning with consortium blockchain. In: 2020 IEEE 4th conference on energy internet and energy system integration (EI2), pages 3090–3095. IEEE
Cheng X, Tian W, Shi F, Zhao M, Chen S, Wang H (2022) A blockchain-empowered cluster-based federated learning model for blade icing estimation on IoT-enabled wind turbine. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 18:9184
Cook S (2012) CUDA programming: a developer’s guide to parallel computing with GPUs. Newnes
Crain T, Natoli C, Gramoli V (2021) Red belly: a secure, fair and scalable open blockchain. In: 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp 466–483. IEEE
Deng Y, Han T, Zhang N (2021) Flex: trading edge computing resources for federated learning via blockchain. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE conference on computer communications workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), pages 1–2. IEEE
Esposito C, Ficco M, Gupta BB (2021) Blockchain-based authentication and authorization for smart city applications. Inf Process Manag 58(2):102468
Fan S, Zhang H, Wang Z, Cai W (2022) Mobile devices strategies in blockchain-based federated learning: a dynamic game perspective. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng 10(3):1376–1388
Feng L, Yang Z, Guo S, Qiu X, Li W, Yu P (2021) Two-layered blockchain architecture for federated learning over the mobile edge network. IEEE Network 36(1):45–51
Gaff BM, Sussman HE, Geetter J (2014) Privacy and big data. Computer 47(6):7–9
Gai K, Guo J, Zhu L, Shui Yu (2020) Blockchain meets cloud computing: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 22(3):2009–2030
Garay J, Kiayias A (2020) Sok: a consensus taxonomy in the blockchain era. In: Cryptographers’ track at the RSA conference, pp 284–318. Springer
Han J, Ma Y, Han Y, Zhang Y, Huang G (2022) Demystifying swarm learning: a new paradigm of blockchain-based decentralized federated learning.arXiv:2201.05286
He Y, Huang K, Zhang G, Yu FR, Chen J, Li J (2021) Bift: a blockchain-based federated learning system for connected and autonomous vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J 9:12311
Hu Q, Wang Z, Xu M, Cheng X (2021) Blockchain and federated edge learning for privacy-preserving mobile crowdsensing. IEEE Internet Things J 10(14):12000
Hu S, Li J, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Ye W (2021) The blockchain-based edge computing framework for privacy-preserving federated learning. In: IEEE int conf on blockchain (Blockchain), pp 566–571
Huang X, Yuhang W, Liang C, Chen Q, Zhang J (2023) Distance-aware hierarchical federated learning in blockchain-enabled edge computing network. IEEE Internet Things J 10(21):19163–19176
Issa W, Moustafa N, Turnbull B, Sohrabi N, Tari Z (2023) Blockchain-based federated learning for securing internet of things: a comprehensive survey. ACM Comput Surv 55(9):1–43
Juncheng J, Ji L, Chendi Z, Hao T, Mianxiong D, Dejing D (2023) Efficient asynchronous federated learning with sparsification and quantization. Concurr Comput Pract Exp.https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.8002
Jiang S, Jie W (2022) A reward response game in the blockchain-powered federated learning system. Int J Parallel Emergent Distrib Syst 37(1):68–90
Jin J, Ren J, Zhou Y, Lyu L, Liu J, Dou D (2022) Accelerated federated learning with decoupled adaptive optimization. In: Int conf on machine learning (ICML), pp 10298–10322. PMLR
Jouppi NP, Young C, Patil N, Patterson D, Agrawal G, Bajwa R, Bates S, Bhatia S, Boden N, Borchers Al et al (2017) In-datacenter performance analysis of a tensor processing unit. In: Int symposium on computer architecture (ISCA), pp 1–12
Kalodner H, Möser M, Lee K, Goldfeder S, Plattner M, Chator A, Narayanan A (2020)\(\{\)BlockSci\(\}\): design and applications of a blockchain analysis platform. In: 29th USENIX security symposium (USENIX Security 20), pages 2721–2738
Kang J, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Xie S, Zhang J (2019) Incentive mechanism for reliable federated learning: a joint optimization approach to combining reputation and contract theory. IEEE Internet Things J 6(6):10700–10714
Jiawen K, Zehui X, Dusit N, Dongdong Y, Dong In K, Jun Z (2019) Toward secure blockchain-enabled internet of vehicles: optimizing consensus management using reputation and contract theory. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 68(3):2906–2920
Kang J, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Guizani M (2020) Reliable federated learning for mobile networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 27(2):72–80
Karimireddy SP, Kale S, Mohri M, Reddi S, Stich S, Suresh AT (2020) Scaffold: stochastic controlled averaging for federated learning. In: International conference on machine learning. pp 5132–5143. PMLR
Khan LU, Saad W, Han Z, Hong CS (2021) Dispersed federated learning: vision, taxonomy, and future directions. IEEE Wirel Commun 28(5):192–198
Kim D, Doh I, Chae K (2021) Improved raft algorithm exploiting federated learning for private blockchain performance enhancement. In: 2021 international conference on information networking (ICOIN), pp 828–832. IEEE
Kolb J, AbdelBaky M, Katz RH, Culler DE (2020) Core concepts, challenges, and future directions in blockchain: a centralized tutorial. ACM Comput Surv 53(1):1–39
Kong Q, Yin F, Xiao Y, Li B, Yang X, Cui S (2021) Achieving blockchain-based privacy-preserving location proofs under federated learning. In: ICC 2021-IEEE international conference on communications. pp 1–6. IEEE
Kumar R, Khan AA, Kumar J, Golilarz NA, Zhang S, Ting Y, Zheng C, Wang W et al (2021) Blockchain-federated-learning and deep learning models for covid-19 detection using CT imaging. IEEE Sens J 21(14):16301–16314
Li D, Han D, Weng T-H, Zheng Z, Li H, Liu H, Castiglione A, Li K-C (2022) Blockchain for federated learning toward secure distributed machine learning systems: a systemic survey. Soft Comput 26(9):4423–4440
Li G, Hu Y, Zhang M, Liu J, Yin Q, Peng Y, Dou D (2022) Fedhisyn: a hierarchical synchronous federated learning framework for resource and data heterogeneity. In: Int conf on parallel processing (ICPP). pp 1–11
Li J, Shao Y, Wei K, Ding M, Ma C, Shi L, Han Z, Poor V (2021) Blockchain assisted decentralized federated learning (blade-fl): performance analysis and resource allocation. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 33:2401
Li Q, He B, Song D (2021) Model-contrastive federated learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 10713–10722
Li Q, Wen Z, Wu Z, Hu S, Wang N, Li Y, Liu X, He B (2021) A survey on federated learning systems: vision, hype and reality for data privacy and protection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 35:3347
Li T, Hu S, Beirami A, Smith V (2021) Ditto: fair and robust federated learning through personalization. In: International conference on machine learning. pp 6357–6368. PMLR
Tian L, Anit Kumar S, Manzil Z, Maziar S, Ameet T, Virginia S (2020) Federated optimization in heterogeneous networks. Proc Mach Learn Syst 2:429–450
Li X, Jiang M, Zhang X, Kamp M, Dou Q (2021) Fedbn: federated learning on non-iid features via local batch normalization.arXiv:2102.07623
Li Y, Chen C, Liu N, Huang H, Zheng Z, Yan Q (2020) A blockchain-based decentralized federated learning framework with committee consensus. IEEE Network 35(1):234–241
Li Z, Zhou Y, Wu D, Wang R (2021) Local model update for blockchain enabled federated learning: approach and analysis. In: IEEE int conf on blockchain (Blockchain). pp 113–121
Liang W, Fan Y, Li K-C, Zhang D, Gaudiot J-L (2020) Secure data storage and recovery in industrial blockchain network environments. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 16(10):6543–6552
Liu H, Zhang S, Zhang P, Zhou X, Shao X, Geguang P, Zhang Y (2021) Blockchain and federated learning for collaborative intrusion detection in vehicular edge computing. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(6):6073–6084
Liu J, Che T, Zhou Y, Jin R, Dai H, Dou D, Valduriez P (2023) Aedfl: efficient asynchronous decentralized federated learning with heterogeneous devices. In: SIAM conference on data mining, pp 1–15
Liu J, Huang J, Zhou Y, Li X, Ji S, Xiong H, Dou D (2022) From distributed machine learning to federated learning: a survey. Knowl Inf Syst 64(4):885–917
Liu J, Jia J, Che T, Huo C, Ren J, Zhou Y, Dai H, Dou D(2023) Fedasmu: efficient asynchronous federated learning with dynamic staleness-aware model update. In: AAAI. pp 1–18
Liu J, Jia J, Ma B, Zhou C, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Dai H, Dou D (2022) Multi-job intelligent scheduling with cross-device federated learning. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 34(2):535–551
Liu J, Wu Z, Feng D, Zhang M, Wu X, Yao X, Yu D, Ma Y, Zhao F, Dou D (2023) Heterps: distributed deep learning with reinforcement learning based scheduling in heterogeneous environments. Future Gener Comput Syst 148:106
Ji L, Xuehai Z, Lei M, Shilei J, Yuan L, Li Zheng G, Qin DD (2023) Distributed and deep vertical federated learning with big data. Concur Comput Pract Exp 35:e7697
Liu Y, Ai Z, Sun S, Zhang S, Liu Z, Yu H (2020) Fedcoin: a peer-to-peer payment system for federated learning. In: Federated Learning, pp 125–138. Springer
Lo S K, Liu Y, Lu Q, Wang X, Xu X, Paik H-Y, Zhu L (2021) Blockchain-based trustworthy federated learning architecture.arXiv:2108.06912
Lu Y, Huang X, Dai Y, Maharjan S, Zhang Y (2019) Blockchain and federated learning for privacy-preserved data sharing in industrial IoT. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 16(6):4177–4186
Lu Y, Huang X, Zhang K, Maharjan S, Zhang Y (2020) Blockchain empowered asynchronous federated learning for secure data sharing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(4):4298–4311
Lu Y, Huang X, Zhang K, Maharjan S, Zhang Y (2020) Communication-efficient federated learning and permissioned blockchain for digital twin edge networks. IEEE Internet Things J 8(4):2276–2288
Lu Y, Huang X, Zhang K, Maharjan S, Zhang Y (2020) Low-latency federated learning and blockchain for edge association in digital twin empowered 6G networks. IEEE Trans In Inf 17(7):5098–5107
Lugan S, Desbordes P, Brion E, Tormo LXR, Legay A, Macq B (2019) Secure architectures implementing trusted coalitions for blockchained distributed learning (tclearn). IEEE Access 7:181789–181799
Lyu L, Xu X, Wang Q, Yu H (2020) Collaborative fairness in federated learning. In: Federated Learning. pp 189–204. Springer
Ma C, Li J, Ding M, Shi L, Wang T, Han Z, Poor HV (2020) When federated learning meets blockchain: a new distributed learning paradigm.arXiv:2009.09338
Ma S, Cao Y, Xiong L (2021) Transparent contribution evaluation for secure federated learning on blockchain. In: 2021 IEEE 37th international conference on data engineering workshops (ICDEW). pp 88–91. IEEE
McMahan B, Moore E, Ramage D, Hampson S, y Arcas BA (2017) Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In: Artificial intelligence and statistics. pp 1273–1282. PMLR
Mittal N, Pal S, Joshi A, Sharma A, Tayal S, Sharma Y (2021) Comparative analysis of various platforms of blockchain. Smart and Sustainable Intelligent Systems,. pp 323–340
Mohammed MA, Lakhan A, Abdulkareem KH, Zebari DA, Nedoma J, Martinek R, Kadry S, Garcia-Zapirain B (2023) Energy-efficient distributed federated learning offloading and scheduling healthcare system in blockchain based networks. Internet Things 22:100815
Mothukuri V, Parizi RM, Pouriyeh S, Dehghantanha A, Choo KKR (2021) FabricFL: blockchain-in-the-loop federated learning for trusted decentralized systems. IEEE Syst J 16(3):3711–3722
Moudoud H, Cherkaoui S, Khoukhi L (2021) Towards a secure and reliable federated learning using blockchain. In: IEEE global communications conf. (GLOBECOM). pp 1–6 (2021)
Myrzashova R, Alsamhi SH, Shvetsov AV, Hawbani A, Wei X (2023) Blockchain meets federated learning in healthcare: a systematic review with challenges and opportunities. IEEE Internet Things J
Nguyen Dinh C, Ming D, Quoc-Viet P, Pathirana Pubudu N, Bao LL, Aruna S, Jun L, Dusit N, Vincent PH (2021) Federated learning meets blockchain in edge computing: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J 8:12806
Nguyen DC, Hosseinalipour S, Love DJ, Pathirana PN, Brinton CG (2022) Latency optimization for blockchain-empowered federated learning in multi-server edge computing.arXiv:2203.09670
Official Journal of the European Union. General data protection regulation.https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679, (2016). Online; accessed 12/02/2021
Safa O, Ismaeel AR, Hussein M (2022) A federated learning and blockchain-enabled sustainable energy-trade at the edge: a framework for industry 4.0. IEEE Internet Things J 10:3018
Otoum S, Al Ridhawi I, Mouftah HT (2020) Blockchain-supported federated learning for trustworthy vehicular networks. In: GLOBECOM 2020-2020 IEEE global communications conference, pp 1–6. IEEE
Ouyang L, Wang F-Y, Tian Y, Jia X, Qi H, Wang G (2023) Artificial identification: a novel privacy framework for federated learning based on blockchain. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 10(6):3576–3585
Pandey SR, Tran NH, Bennis M, Tun YK, Manzoor A, Hong CS (2020) A crowdsourcing framework for on-device federated learning. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 19(5):3241–3256
Passerat-Palmbach J, Farnan T, McCoy M, Harris JD, Manion ST, Flannery HL, Gleim B (2020) Blockchain-orchestrated machine learning for privacy preserving federated learning in electronic health data. In: IEEE int conf on blockchain (Blockchain), pp 550–555
Passerat-Palmbach J, Farnan T, Miller R, Gross MS, Flannery HL, Gleim B (2019) A blockchain-orchestrated federated learning architecture for healthcare consortia.arXiv:1910.12603
Peng Y, Du M, Li F, Cheng R, Song D (2020) Falcondb: blockchain-based collaborative database. In: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGMOD international conference on management of data, pp 637–652
Pokhrel SR (2021) Blockchain brings trust to collaborative drones and leo satellites: an intelligent decentralized learning in the space. IEEE Sens J 21(22):25331–25339
Pokhrel SR, Choi J (2020) A decentralized federated learning approach for connected autonomous vehicles. In: 2020 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference workshops (WCNCW), pages 1–6. IEEE
Qammar A, Karim A, Ning H, Ding J (2023) Securing federated learning with blockchain: a systematic literature review. Artif Intell Rev 56(5):3951–3985
Xidi Q, Wang S, Qin H, Cheng X (2021) Proof of federated learning: a novel energy-recycling consensus algorithm. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 32(8):2074–2085
Youyang Q, Gao L, Luan TH, Xiang Y, Shui Yu, Li B, Zheng G (2020) Decentralized privacy using blockchain-enabled federated learning in fog computing. IEEE Internet Things J 7(6):5171–5183
Rahmadika S, Firdaus M, Jang S, Rhee K-H (2021) Blockchain-enabled 5g edge networks and beyond: an intelligent cross-silo federated learning approach. Secur Commun Netw 2021:1–14
Rahman MA, Hossain MS, Islam MS, Alrajeh NA, Muhammad G (2020) Secure and provenance enhanced internet of health things framework: a blockchain managed federated learning approach. IEEE Access 8:205071–205087
Ramanan P, Nakayama K (2020) Baffle: blockchain based aggregator free federated learning. In: IEEE int conf on blockchain (Blockchain), pp 72–81. IEEE
Shan Z, Ren K, Blanton M, Wang C (2018) Practical secure computation outsourcing: a survey. ACM Comput Surv 51(2):1–40
Shayan M, Fung C, Yoon CJM, Beschastnikh I (2020) Biscotti: a blockchain system for private and secure federated learning. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 32(7):1513–1525
Shi S, He D, Li L, Kumar N, Khan MK, Choo K-KR (2020) Applications of blockchain in ensuring the security and privacy of electronic health record systems: a survey. Comput Secur 97:101966
Singh SK, Yang LT, Park JH (2023) Fusionfedblock: fusion of blockchain and federated learning to preserve privacy in industry 5.0. Inf Fusion 90:233–240
Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. Cybersecurity law of the people’s republic of china.https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/translation-cybersecurity-law-peoples-republic-china/. Online. Accessed 22/02/2021
Sun J, Ying W, Wang S, Yixue F, Chang X (2021) Permissioned blockchain frame for secure federated learning. IEEE Commun Lett 26(1):13–17
Tian Y, Li T, Jinbo Xiong Md, Bhuiyan ZA, Ma J, Peng C (2021) A blockchain-based machine learning framework for edge services in IIoT. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 18(3):1918–1929
Toyoda K, Zhao J, Neng Sheng ZA, Mathiopoulos PT (2020) Blockchain-enabled federated learning with mechanism design. IEEE Access 8:219744–219756
Truex S, Baracaldo N, Anwar A, Steinke T, Ludwig H, Zhang R, Zhou Y (2019) A hybrid approach to privacy-preserving federated learning. In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on artificial intelligence and security. pp 1–11
Xuezhen T, Kun Z, Cong LN, Dusit N, Yang Z, Juan L (2022) Incentive mechanisms for federated learning: from economic and game theoretic perspective. IEEE Trans Cogn Commun Netw 8:1566
ur Habib RM, Mukhtar DA, Khaled S, Ernesto D, Davor S (2021) Trustfed: a framework for fair and trustworthy cross-device federated learning in IIoT. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 17(12):8485–8494
Wan Y, Youyang Q, Gao L, Xiang Y (2022) Privacy-preserving blockchain-enabled federated learning for b5g-driven edge computing. Comput Netw 204:108671
Wang R, Tsai W-T (2022) Asynchronous federated learning system based on permissioned blockchains. Sensors 22(4):1672
Wang W, Hoang DT, Hu P, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Wang P, Wen Y, Kim DI (2019) A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks. IEEE Access 7:22328–22370
Wang Z, Yan B, Yao Y (2021) Blockchain empowered federated learning for medical data sharing model. In: International conference on wireless algorithms, systems, and applications. pp 537–544. Springer
Wang Z, Hu Q (2021) Blockchain-based federated learning: a comprehensive survey.arXiv:2110.02182
Wang Z, Hu Q, Li R, Xu M, Xiong Z (2022) Incentive mechanism design for joint resource allocation in blockchain-based federated learning.arXiv:2202.10938
Warnat-Herresthal S, Schultze H, Shastry KL, Manamohan S, Mukherjee S, Garg V, Sarveswara R et al (2021) Swarm learning for decentralized and confidential clinical machine learning. Nature 594(7862):265–270
Weng J, Weng J, Zhang J, Li M, Zhang Y, Luo W (2019) Deepchain: auditable and privacy-preserving deep learning with blockchain-based incentive. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 18(5):2438–2455
Xiong Z, Zhang Y, Niyato D, Wang P, Han Z (2018) When mobile blockchain meets edge computing. IEEE Commun Mag 56(8):33–39
Xu M, Zou Z, Cheng Y, Hu Q, Yu D, Cheng X (2022) Spdl: blockchain-secured and privacy-preserving decentralized learning.arXiv:2201.01989
Yang F, Abedin MZ, Hajek P (2023) An explainable federated learning and blockchain-based secure credit modeling method. Eur J Oper Res
Yang F, Qiao Y, Abedin MZ, Huang C (2022) Privacy-preserved credit data sharing integrating blockchain and federated learning for industrial 4.0. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 18(12):8755–8764
Ye M, Fang X, Du B, Yuen PC, Tao D (2023) Heterogeneous federated learning: state-of-the-art and research challenges. ACM Comput Surv 56(3):1–44
Yin X, Zhu Y, Jiankun H (2021) A comprehensive survey of privacy-preserving federated learning: a taxonomy, review, and future directions. ACM Comput Surv 54(6):1–36
Yu H, Nikolić I, Hou R, Saxena P (2020) Ohie: blockchain scaling made simple. In: 2020 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP). pp 90–105. IEEE
Yurochkin M, Agarwal M, Ghosh S, Greenewald K, Hoang N, Khazaeni Y (2019) Bayesian nonparametric federated learning of neural networks. In: International conference on machine learning. pp 7252–7261. PMLR
Zeng R, Zeng C, Wang X, Li B, Chu X (2021) A comprehensive survey of incentive mechanism for federated learning.arXiv:2106.15406
Zhan Y, Li P, Zhihao Q, Zeng D, Guo S (2020) A learning-based incentive mechanism for federated learning. IEEE Internet Things J 7(7):6360–6368
Zhang F, Guo S, Qiu X, Xu S, Qi F, Wang Z (2021) Federated learning meets blockchain: state channel-based distributed data-sharing trust supervision mechanism. IEEE Internet Things J 10(14):12066–12076
Zhang H, Liu J, Jia J, Zhou Y, Dai H, Dou D (2022) Fedduap: federated learning with dynamic update and adaptive pruning using shared data on the server. In: Int joint conf on artificial intelligence (IJCAI)
Zhang H, Li G, Zhang Y, Gai K, Qiu M (2021) Blockchain-based privacy-preserving medical data sharing scheme using federated learning. In: International conference on knowledge science, engineering and management, pp 634–646. Springer
Zhang Q, Ding Q, Zhu J, Li D (2021) Blockchain empowered reliable federated learning by worker selection: A trustworthy reputation evaluation method. In: 2021 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference workshops (WCNCW), pages 1–6. IEEE
Zhang X, Li F, Zhang Z, Li Q, Wang C, Wu J (2020) Enabling execution assurance of federated learning at untrusted participants. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2020-IEEE conference on computer communications, pp 1877–1886. IEEE
Zhang X, Hong M, Dhople S, Yin W, Liu Y (2020) Fedpd: a federated learning framework with optimal rates and adaptivity to non-iid data.arXiv: Learning
Zhang Z, Dong D, Ma Y, Ying Y, Jiang D, Chen K, Shou L, Chen G (2021) Refiner: a reliable incentive-driven federated learning system powered by blockchain. Proc VLDB Endowment 14(12):2659–2662
Zhao J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Wang Z (2021) A blockchain based decentralized gradient aggregation design for federated learning. In: International conference on artificial neural networks, pp 359–371. Springer
Zhao Y, Zhao J, Jiang L, Tan R, Niyato D (2020) Mobile edge computing, blockchain and reputation-based crowdsourcing IoT federated learning: a secure, decentralized and privacy-preserving system.arXiv:1906.10893
Zheng Z, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Liu B, Li K (2022) Applications of federated learning in smart cities: recent advances, taxonomy, and open challenges. Connect Sci 34(1):1–28
Zhou C, Liu J, Jia J, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Dai H, Dou D (2022) Efficient device scheduling with multi-job federated learning. AAAI Conf Artif Intell 36:9971–9979
Zhu J, Cao J, Saxena D, Jiang S, Ferradi H (2023) Blockchain-empowered federated learning: challenges, solutions, and future directions. ACM Comput Surv 55(11):1–31
Author information
Ji Liu and Chunlu Chen have equally contributed to this work.
Authors and Affiliations
Hithink RoyalFlush Information Network Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
Ji Liu
Information Science and Electrical Engineering Department, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Chunlu Chen
Baidu Inc., Beijing, China
Yu Li, Jingbo Zhou & Bo Jing
Unicom Digital Tech., Beijing, China
Lin Sun & Yulun Song
Boston Consulting Group, Beijing, China
Dejing Dou
- Ji Liu
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Chunlu Chen
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Yu Li
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Lin Sun
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Yulun Song
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Jingbo Zhou
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Bo Jing
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Dejing Dou
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence toJi Liu.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, J., Chen, C., Li, Y.et al. Enhancing trust and privacy in distributed networks: a comprehensive survey on blockchain-based federated learning.Knowl Inf Syst66, 4377–4403 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02117-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative