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Geochemistry of the Palitana flood basalt sequence and the Eastern Saurashtra dykes, Deccan Traps: clues to petrogenesis, dyke–flow relationships, and regional lava stratigraphy

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Abstract

Recent studies of large mafic dyke swarms in the Deccan Traps flood basalt province, India, indicate that some of the correlative lava flows reached several hundred kilometers in length. Here we present field, petrographic, mineral chemical, and whole-rock geochemical (including Sr-Nd isotopic) data on the Palitana lava sequence and nearby dykes in the Saurashtra region of the northwestern Deccan Traps. These rocks are moderately evolved, many with low-Ti-Nb characteristics. We infer that most dykes are notably (and systematically) less contaminated by ancient continental crust than the Palitana flows, but four dykes are equally or significantly more contaminated, with some of the most extreme Sr-Nd isotopic compositions seen in the entire Deccan Traps (initial εNd is as low as −18.0). A Bhimashankar-type and a Poladpur-type dyke are present several hundred kilometers from the type section of these magma types in the Western Ghats escarpment. We find no geochemical correlations between the Palitana sequence and three subsurface sequences in NE Saurashtra containing abundant picritic rocks, surface lavas previously studied from Saurashtra, or the Western Ghats sequence. Intriguingly, the Eastern Saurashtra dykes cannot have been feeders to any of these lava sequences. Feeder dykes of these sequences may be located in southwestern or central Saurashtra, or in the Dhule-Nandurbar-Dediapada areas across the Gulf of Cambay, 200–300 km east of Palitana. Our results indicate polycentric flood basalt eruptions not only on the scale of the Deccan Traps province, but also within the Saurashtra region itself.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Industrial Research and Consultancy Centre (IRCC), IIT Bombay Grant 09YIA001, and a Department of Science and Technology (Govt. of India) Grant SR/FTP/ES-19/2007, to Sheth. Zellmer acknowledges support by the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 99-2116-M-001-010). Kshirsagar was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from IIT Bombay. Funds for EPMA analyses by Cucciniello were provided by Italian MIUR (PRIN Grants 2008 to Leone Melluso). We thank Badrealam Shaikh and Dipak Gosain for assistance in the field, Poonam Mohite and Trupti Gurav for assistance with sample preparation and ICP-AES analyses, Rong-Yi Yan and I-Jhen Lin for assistance with sample dissolution and ICP-MS analyses, Kanchan Pande and George Mathew for helpful discussions, and Leone Melluso for his unpublished Deccan mineral analyses. The manuscript was greatly improved by extensive, in-depth reviews of several versions by Godfrey Fitton, Fred Jourdan, Leone Melluso, Loÿc Vanderkluysen, and two anonymous reviewers, as well as the Associate Editor David Peate.

We dedicate this work to John J. Mahoney for his massive contributions to the subject of flood basalts including the Deccan, and for his particular interest over the past several years in identifying the feeder dykes of the Deccan flood basalts. John passed away on 23rd November 2012 at Honolulu, and his enthusiasm, encouragement, and friendship will be greatly missed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Hetu C. Sheth & Pooja V. Kshirsagar

  2. Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan

    Georg F. Zellmer

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Mezzocannone 8, 80134, Napoli, Italy

    Ciro Cucciniello

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  1. Hetu C. Sheth

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ESM 1

Geochemical stratigraphy of the Western Ghats section, Deccan Traps (DOC 42 kb)

ESM 2

Field photographs.a View of Mount Shatrunjay over Palitana town, with the sampling traverse indicated by thewhite dashed line.b A typical compound flow (PL2) near Shatrunjay summit, with small-scale toes and flow units demarcated (1 to6).c Ravine to the south of Shatrunjay, in which flows PL15 and PL16 were sampled.d,e The Eastern Saurashtra dykes forming low ridges (JPEG 778 kb)

ESM 3

Field notes and sample descriptions (DOC 46 kb)

ESM 4

Representative chemical analyses (in wt.%) of pyroxenes, feldspars, oxides, apatites, and titanites (XLS 117 kb)

ESM 5

Plots of LOI (wt.%) vs. Pb (ppm), Cu (ppm) vs. Pb (ppm), and Zn (ppm) vs. Pb (ppm) for the Palitana lavas and the Eastern Saurashtra dykes. Correlation coefficients are indicated byR2 values (JPEG 1902 kb)

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Sheth, H.C., Zellmer, G.F., Kshirsagar, P.V.et al. Geochemistry of the Palitana flood basalt sequence and the Eastern Saurashtra dykes, Deccan Traps: clues to petrogenesis, dyke–flow relationships, and regional lava stratigraphy.Bull Volcanol75, 701 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0701-x

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