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Fine-Grained Cryptography Revisited

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Abstract

Fine-grained cryptographic primitives are secure against adversaries with bounded resources and can be computed by honest users with less resources than the adversaries. In this paper, we revisit the results by Degwekar, Vaikuntanathan, and Vasudevan in Crypto 2016 on fine-grained cryptography and show constructions of three key fundamental fine-grained cryptographic primitives:one-way permutation families,hash proof systems (which in turn implies apublic-key encryption scheme against chosen chiphertext attacks), andtrapdoor one-way functions. All of our constructions are computable in\(\textsf {NC}^1\) and secure against (non-uniform)\(\textsf {NC}^1\) circuits under the widely believed worst-case assumption\(\textsf {NC}^1\subsetneq {\oplus \textsf {L/poly}}\).

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Notes

  1. The one-wayness ofg is based on the indistinguishability of the output distributions of\({\hat{f}}\) conditioned on\(f(x) = 0\) and\(f(x) =1\), which can be reduced to\(\textsf {NC}^1\subsetneq {\oplus \textsf {L/poly}}\).

  2. There is no rigorous proof showing that the separation holds for\(\textsf {NC}^1\), while it is an evidence that TDF is not easy to achieve.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on a previous version of this paper. A part of this work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China under Grant Number 62002049, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant Numbers ZYGX2020J017, ZYGX2020ZB020, ZYGX2020ZB019, the Sichuan Science and Technology Program under Grant Numbers 2019YFG0506, 2020YFG0292, 2019YFG0505, 2020YFG0460, 2020YFG0462, Input Output Cryptocurrency Collaborative Research Chair funded by IOHK, JST OPERA JPMJOP1612, JST CREST JPMJCR14D6, JSPS KAKENHI JP16H01705, JP17H01695.

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  1. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

    Shohei Egashira & Keisuke Tanaka

  2. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

    Yuyu Wang

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  1. Shohei Egashira

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Correspondence toYuyu Wang.

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Communicated by Marc Fischlin.

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The proceedings version of this paper appears in Asiacrypt 2019 [25]. This is the full version. Corresponding author: Yuyu Wang.

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