Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Ribonucleic acid in the immune response

  • Review Articles
  • Published:
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

In the studies of experimental salmonellosis, immunization of mice with a live vaccine SER ofS. enteritidis was found to be effective against further infection with virulentS. enteritidis 116-54. Macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity, subcutaneous tissue or liver of immunized mice inhibited intracellular growth of bacteria and resisted cell degeneration caused by engulfment of virulent 116-54 bacteria. This immunity was called cellular immunity.

We discovered by chance in 1961 a transfer agent of immunity (TA) from the culture fluid of immunized macrophages. This agent is RNA in nature and can be extracted from the spleen, peritoneal exudate cells or the lymph node of immunized animals and is called immune (i) RNA. We could demonstrate antibody activity in macrophages treatedin vitro orin vivo withiRNA by the immune adherence hemagglutination technique.

Cellular immunity against tumor cells could be transferredin vitro orin vivo to lymphocytes throughiRNA prepared from the spleen cells of syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic animals immunized with the tumor cells.

We prepared iRNA against antigens capable of inducing humoral antibody production in animals, i.e., RBCs, bacterial toxin, bacterial flagella and hapten-protein conjugates. Serum antibody was not demonstrated in recipient animals ofiRNAs by single or repeated injections of these agents. However, in these animals an increase in the number of specific antibody-carrying cells was found as rosette-formers. It was found further that prior injection ofiRNA could induce immunologic memory and produced a high titer of humoral antibody after a boosting stimulation with a small dose of the corresponding antigen. The required interval between the firstiRNA and the second antigenic stimulation, and the minimal effective doses of iRNA and antigen are described.

We studied the interaction ofiRNA with either T- or B-cells and with both cells using adoptive transfer system, athymic nude mice and neonatally thymectomized (NT) mice. Immune RNAs against T-dependent and T-independent antigens could not induce the proliferation of antibody-carrying cells in cyclophosphamide-treated (B-cell depleted) mice. But these agents could induce the proliferation of rosette-formers, implying thatiRNAs can replace some role of T-cells even against T-dependent antigens. B-cells can be directly activated by treatment withiRNA against both T-dependent and T-independent antigens, and they differentiated into rosette-formers.

Passive transfers ofiRNA were successful in establishing immunity against infection withS. enteritidis, or immunity toSalmonella flagella, RBCs and hapten-protein conjugates. The ability ofiRNA to confer a secondary response of antibody formation is serially and passively transmissible in recipient animals. These facts suggest the presence of some mechanism that is responsible for the amplification of antigenic stimulation in the immune response. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase are presented and their role in the immune response is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mitsuhashi, S., Kawakami, M., Yamaguchi, Y. and Nagai, M., 1958. Japan. J. Exp. Med. 28, 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mitsuhashi, S., 1959. Mechanisms of Infection and Immunity of Cytopathogenic Bacteria (ed. Ando, K.) pp. 59–79.

  3. Mitsuhashi, S., Kawakami, M., Hashimoto, H., Sato, I. and Tanaka, T., 1961. Proc. Japan. Acad. 37, 163–168

    Google Scholar 

  4. Mitsuhashi, S., Sato, I. and Tanaka, T., 1961. J. Bacteriol. 81, 863–868.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sato, I., Tanaka, T., Saito, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1962 J. Bacteriol. 83, 1306–1312.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tanaka, T., Sato, I. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1962. Japan J. Bacteriol. 17, 324–329.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mitsuhashi, S., Saito, K., Sato, I. and Tanaka, T., 1961 Proc. 16th Kanto Branch Meeting of Japan. Bacteriol. Ass. p. 19.

  8. Mitsuhashi, S., Kurashige, S., Kawakami, M. and Nojima, T., 1968. Japan. J. Microbiol. 12, 261–268.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kurashige, S., Kitamura, K., Akama, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1970. Japan. J. Microbiol. 14, 41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kitamura, K., Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1973. Japan J. Microbiol. 17, 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Shibuya, T., Kurashige, S., Yamaguchi, N. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. J. Immunol. submitted for publication.

  12. Yamaguchi, N., Kurashige, S., Shibuya, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. J. Immunol. submitted for publication.

  13. Mitsuhashi, S. and Saito, K., 1962. J. Bacteriol. 84, 592–593.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Saito, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1965. J. Bacteriol. 90, 629–634.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Saito, K., Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1969. Japan J. Microbiol. 13, 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. J. Immunol. 108, 1034–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bell, C. and Dray, S., 1973. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 207, 200–224.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bell, C. and Dray, S. 1969. J. Immunol. 103, 1196–1211.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bell, C. and Dray, S., 1970. J. Immunol. 105, 541–556.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Osawa, N., Saito, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. Japan J. Microbiol. 15, 29–37.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mitsuhashi, S., Saito, K., Osawa, N. and Kurashige, S., 1967. J. Bacteriol. 94, 907–913.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nishioka, K., 1963. J. Immunol. 90, 86–97.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nishioka, K., Tachibana, T. and Stock, C. C., 1967. Subviral Carcinogenesis (Monograph of the 1st International Symposium on Tumor Viruses) pp. 253–264.

  24. Osawa, N., Kurashige, S., Kawakami, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1968. Japan J. Microbiol. 12, 479–488.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sato, I. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1963. Proc. Japan Acad. 39, 697–700.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sato, I. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1965. J. Bacteriol. 90, 1194–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Mitsuhashi, S., Saito, K., Osawa, N. and Kurashige, S., 1967. Proc. Japan Soc. R.E.S. 7, 40–47.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kawakami, M., Kitamura, K., Mikami, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1969. Japan J. Microbiol. 13, 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kawakami, M., Kitamura, K., Mikami, H. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1969. Japan J. Microbiol. 13, 247–254.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Yamaguchi, N., Kurashige, S., and Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. J. Immunol. 107, 99–103.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fishman, M., 1961. J. Exp. Med. 114, 837–856.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fishman, M. and Adler, F. L., 1963. J. Exp. Med. 117, 595–602.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Saito, K., Natsuno, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Cellular immunology, submitted for publication.

  34. Kurashige, S., Shibuya, T., Yamaguchi, N. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Microbiol. Immunol. submitted for publication.

  35. Shibuya, T., Yamaguchi, N., Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. J. Immunol: submitted for publication.

  36. Shibuya, T., Yamaguchi, N., Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Microbiol. Immunol. submitted for publication

  37. Kurashige, S., Saito, K., Fukai, K., Kitamura, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1973. Japan J. Microbiol. 17, 217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mitsuhashi, S., Saito, K., Kurashige, S., Osawa, N. and Kitamura, K., 1973. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 207, 380–388.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hashimoto, H., Honda, T., Kawakami, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1961. Japan J. Exp. Med. 31, 187–190.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Saito, K., Osawa, N. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. Japan J. Microbiol. 15, 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Howells, A. J., 1973. The Ribonucleic Acid (ed. Stewart, P. R. and Letham, L. D.) pp. 59–80.

  42. Gurgo, C., Ray, R. K., Thiry, L. and Green, M., 1971. Nature New Biol. 229, 111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ting, R. C., Yang, S. S. and Gallo, R. C., 1972. Nature New Biol. 236, 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Saito, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. J. Antibiotics 25, 477–479.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. J. Antibiotics 25, 619–621.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Saito, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1973. Japan J. Microbiol. 17, 117–121.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Saito, K. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1975. Japan J. Microbiol. 19, 433–439.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gallo, R. C., Yang, S. S. and Ting, R. C., 1970. Nature 228, 927–929.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kurashige, S. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1973. Japan J. Microbiol. 17, 105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Baltimore, D., 1971. Bacteriol. Rev. 35, 235–241.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sugiyama, P. R., Korant, B. D. and Lonberg-Holm, K. K., 1972. Ann. Microbiol. 26, 467–495.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Haruna, I., Ohno, T. and Watanabe, I., 1970. Proc. Japan. Acad. 46, 1016–1021.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Watanabe, I. and Haruna, I., 1969. Acta Haematol. Japan. 32, 593–602.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Neuhoff, V., Schill, W. B. and Jacherts, D., 1970. Hoppe-Seyler's Zschr. Physiol. Chem. 35, 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Downey, K. M., Byrnes, J. J., Jurmark, B. S. and So. A. G., 1968. Nature 70, 3400–3403.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gall, J. F., 1968. Proc, Nat. Acid. Sci. U.S. 60, 553–560.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Mitsuhashi, S., Saito, K. and Kurashige, S., 1973. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 207, 160–171.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mikami, H., Kawakami, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1971. Japan J. Microbiol. 15, 169–174.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Mikami, H., Kurashige, S., Kawakami, M. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1972. Japan J. Microbiol. 16, 159–160.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kurashige, S., Miura, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Gann submitted for publication.

  61. Miura, T., Kurashige, S., Omine, M., Tsuchiya, J., Maekawa, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Gann submitted for publication.

  62. Miura, T., Kurashige, S., Saito, K., Maekawa, T. and Mitsuhashi, S., 1978. Gann submitted for publication.

  63. Pilch, Y. H. and Ramming, K. P., 1970. Cancer 26, 630–637.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Deckers, P. J. and Pilch, Y. H., 1972. Cancer Res. 32, 839–846.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Pilch, Y. H., Veltman, L. L. and Kern, D. H., 1974. Arch. Surgery 76, 23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  66. deKernion, J. B., Ramming, K. P., Skinner, D. G. and Pilch, Y. H., 1976. Immune RNA in Neoplasia (ed. Fink, M. A.) pp. 259–272.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan

    Susumu Mitsuhashi, Satonori Kurashige & Nobuo Yamaguchi

  2. Department of Oral Bacteriology, Nippon Dental University, Migata, Japan

    Kazuko Saito

Authors
  1. Susumu Mitsuhashi

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kazuko Saito

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Satonori Kurashige

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nobuo Yamaguchi

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

About this article

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Advertisement

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp