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Abstract
At the 1964–1965 World’s Fair, held in Flushing Meadows, Queens, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan erected a pavilion. Adjacent to the pavilion was a column from the Roman city of Jerash, one of Jordan’s most important archaeological sites. The Jordanian government presented this column as a gift to New York City. This chapter explores the context and significance of the gift—both for Jordan and for New York. The Column of Jerash and the presentation of archaeologically and historically significant sites—often associated with classical antiquity or the Bible—in the Jordan Pavilion demonstrate that one of the pavilion’s major goals was to promote tourism. The pavilion also aimed to garner political and diplomatic support in the region to counter Israel and its ambitions. The gift of the Column of Jerash is contextualized within the larger Jordanian practice of gifting capitals to universities, including Princeton, Harvard, and the University of Pennsylvania, as well as gifting a column to the city of Philadelphia between 1965 and 1975. This practice is also compared to the Jordanian gift of a Dead Sea Scroll Jar to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1964 and the legal and strategic sale of antiquities by the Jordanian government from the 1950s through the 1970s to promote the study of Jordan and tourism to the country.
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Notes
- 1.
This chapter draws upon and develops the work of Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015). I am indebted to Jared Simard for his work on this earlier article and for his permission to expand this work here. The column, whose condition had deteriorated due to New York’s climate, was randomly vandalized in July 2023. Its capital and the upper portion of the drum was removed to the Parks Department storage facility on Randall’s Island. At the time this book went to press, a plan for its conservation and long-term display in a New York City museum or institution was still being determined. I am grateful to Jonathan Kuhn, Director of Art and Antiquities of the Parks Department, for sharing this information with me about the column. The Parks Department has been in touch with Jordanian Officials in Washington, DC, about the state of the column.
- 2.
Until the dedication of the new park on June 3, 1967, Flushing Meadows Corona Park was known simply as Flushing Meadows. The current name will be used unless referring to a time prior to the 1967 dedication.
- 3.
The Archive of the Department of Antiquities of Mandatory Palestine (1919–1948) is held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and has digitized copies of the letters, documentation, and waybills for the exportation of the jars, which came from both Qumran and ‘Ain Fashkha. This archive also contains documentation from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Department of Antiquities in the 1950s through the 1960s; presumably, this material was in East Jerusalem in 1967, when Israel took control of part of the city and the West Bank. Henceforth, this archive is referred to as the “Mandatory Palestine Archive.”
- 4.
- 5.
In 2021–2022, Dubai hosted an exposition called Dubai 2020 (delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic), and in 2022, Britain hosted Unboxed: Creativity in the UK, billed by some as the Brexit World’s Fair. Other expositions are being planned around the world. The Institute for Study of International Expositions is a good resource for information about these exhibitions.
- 6.
Findling and Pelle (1990).
- 7.
Allwood (1977).
- 8.
- 9.
Findling, Pelle, and Rydell (2000): 1.
- 10.
Findling, Pelle, and Rydell (2000): 3.
- 11.
Findling, Pelle, and Rydell (2000): 1.
- 12.
Samuel (2010): 9.
- 13.
Samuel (2010): 199.
- 14.
- 15.
For example, Findling and Pelle (1990): 676–74, 293–300, and 319–21.
- 16.
- 17.
Findling and Pelle (1990): 319–21.
- 18.
For a discussion of the social and political protests of the time, the national legislation passed during the period of the Fair, and the larger historical context, as well as the conservative nature of the Fair, see Samuel (2010): xiii–xxiii, 5, 20–21, 26–37.
- 19.
Samuel (2010): 91–123.
- 20.
Samuel (2010): 15–17.
- 21.
- 22.
Samuel (2010): 94.
- 23.
Samuel (2010): 98.
- 24.
Samuel (2010): 107.
- 25.
Samuel (2010): 99–100.
- 26.
Samuel (2010): 109–110.
- 27.
Zuelow (2015): 1–2; 149.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
Little (1995): 512.
- 31.
Howard (1972): 16.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
For a detailed discussion of the physical properties of the column and capital, see Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 345–46.
- 36.
See Folder PO.3 Jordan—Art Treasures Foreign Participation, New York World’s Fair1964–1965 Corporation records, New York Public Library. Two photographs of Jerash are included: one of the famous oval plaza in Jerash and one of the Temple of Artemis. The photograph of the Temple of Artemis suggests this was the building from which the column was selected, as does information in the Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964) that the New York World’s Fair Public Relations Department produced.
- 37.
For a detailed discussion and measurements, see Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 346.
- 38.
Burns (2017).
- 39.
Ground Breaking Ceremony (1964).
- 40.
Ground Breaking Ceremony (1964).
- 41.
Groundbreaking booklet (1964).
- 42.
New York World’s Fair 1964–1965 Informational Manual; Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964).
- 43.
Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964). On the six Dead Sea Scrolls exhibited, which came from the fourth cave of Qumran and were discovered in 1952, seeTranslations of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Jordanian and Israeli governments possess different scrolls, and their ownership is disputed. The Jordanians, Palestinians, and Israelis all claim ownership.
- 44.
Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964).
- 45.
Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964).
- 46.
Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964);1964 Official Guide New York World’s Fair, Queens Library Archive.
- 47.
The Dome of the Rock and the Aqsa Mosque are located atop the Temple Mount.
- 48.
For more details, see Jordan Pavilion Fact Sheet (1964).
- 49.
1964 Official Guide New York World’s Fair: 160.
- 50.
- 51.
- 52.
Katz (2005): 128–29.
- 53.
Katz (2003b): 182.
- 54.
On archaeology and politics, see Meskell (1998): 1–13; Silberman (1989): esp. 1–11; Kohl and Fawcett (1995). On archaeology and nationalism in the Middle East, specifically in Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, see Goode (2007); in Jordan, see Corbett (2014). On the importance of biblical narratives in Israel, see Silberman (1989): 87–136, 209–43; and Greenberg and Hamilakis (2022).
- 55.
While archaeological objects were displayed at the fairs, there have been few archaeological studies of world’s fair grounds; an exception is Graff’s work on Chicago’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 (2020).
- 56.
In 1853–1854, a derivative version of the Crystal Palace exhibition was held in New York City. Some consider this to be the first American World’s Fair.
- 57.
Delamaire (2003): 124.
- 58.
Delamaire (2003): 125.
- 59.
- 60.
Ormos (2009): 9–10.
- 61.
Delamaire (2003): 130.
- 62.
Trafton (2004).
- 63.
Ormos (2021).
- 64.
Ormos (2021): 286.
- 65.
Holloway (2006): 106.
- 66.
- 67.
- 68.
Holloway (2006): 119–32; 136.
- 69.
Holloway (2006): 128.
- 70.
Rydell (1984).
- 71.
Chevalier (2020): 34, 39.
- 72.
Chevalier (2020): 30–39.
- 73.
Chevalier (2020): 23–30.
- 74.
Wrigley (2010). Italy had already given two columns to cities in Brazil to commemorate transatlantic flights of Italian aviators. In 1929, part of a column and a Corinthian capital were erected as part of a monument in Sãn Paolo, see Inventário de Obras de Arte em Logradouros Públicos da Cidade de São Paulo (2008) and Bueno and Zon (2022). A partial column with a capital was also erected as a part of a monument in the port of Natal in 1931.
- 75.
- 76.
- 77.
- 78.
For an interesting comparison of Italian Fascist and Confederate monuments, see Arthurs (2019): 123–38.
- 79.
Kersel and Tessman (2022).
- 80.
See Chicago Monuments Project (2022): 48.
- 81.
- 82.
Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 364.
- 83.
Tolchin (1964a).
- 84.
- 85.
New York Times (1964a).
- 86.
Tomasson (1964).
- 87.
Lissner (1964).
- 88.
World Bank (1976): 3.
- 89.
World Bank (1976): i.
- 90.
Knoema (2019).
- 91.
Jordanian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (2022).
- 92.
On the capitals, see Barsanti (2007): 437, figs. 1a–c, 2a–b.
- 93.
Press release, October 18, 1965, 2, Department of Public Information, Princeton Museum Archives, Princeton University (henceforth “Princeton Museum Archives”).
- 94.
Press release, October 18, 1965, 2, Department of Public Information, Princeton Museum Archives.
- 95.
September 2, 1981, letter from Michael Rogers, curator, Department of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum, to Frances Jones, curator of collections, Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton Museum Archives.
- 96.
J. Michael Padgett, curator of ancient art, Princeton University Art Museum, email communication with the author and J. Simard, December 16, 2013.
- 97.
September 14, 1981, letter from Frances Jones to Michael Rogers, Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton Museum Archives.
- 98.
No. 1966.1.1, Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East Archives, formerly the Semitic Museum Archives, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (hereafter cited as “HMANE Museum Archives”).
- 99.
Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 348.
- 100.
April 13, 1966, letter from Mohamed Baghal to D. W. Lockhart, no. 1966.1.1, HMANE Museum Archives.
- 101.
April 21, 1966, letter from D. W. Lockhart to Mohamed Baghal, and September 18, 1966, letter from G. Ernest Wright to William J. Cummings, no. 1966.1.1, HMANE Museum Archives.
- 102.
April 15, 1966, letter from Mohamed Baghal to James Prichard, Near East Section Records—Jordan, Jerash capitals, 1966, Penn Museum Archives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (hereafter cited as “Penn Museum Archives”).
- 103.
April 15, 1966, letter from Mohamed Baghal to James Prichard, Near East Section Records—Jordan, Jerash capitals, 1966, Penn Museum Archives.
- 104.
December 23, 1966, letter from David Crownover to Mohamed Baghal, Near East Section Records—Jordan, Jerash capitals, 1966, Penn Museum Archives.
- 105.
April 18, 1967, letter from David Crownover to William B. J. Cummings, director of public relations for the Jordan–Tourist Information Center, Registrar’s Office—Object Files—Jordan capitals 67-2, Penn Museum Archives.
- 106.
Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 351.
- 107.
For the details and dimensions of the capitals, see Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 349.
- 108.
June 9, 1976, letter from David Crownover to Maritza Shamilian, executive secretary to the president of the University of Philadelphia, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives.
- 109.
January 3, 1975, letter from William K. Rafsky, executive director, Philadelphia ‘76, Inc., to Paul L. Greenlee, district director, US Customs Service, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives.
- 110.
Support for Amman as the original location is found in January 21, 1975, correspondence from Riad Sabri, counselor, embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, to John Reichard, coordinator, International Participation Philadelphia ’76, Inc., Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives. Regarding Jerash as the column’s point of origin, Robert Montgomery Scott, a lawyer involved in the bicentennial celebrations, stated in a September 10, 1975, letter to David Crownover that the column was from “Gerash,” clearly meaning Jerash. Robert Montgomery Scott to David Crownover, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives.
- 111.
Memorandum signed R. S. (presumably Riad Sabri), no date, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives. This appears to be the “historic study” to which Sabri refers in his January 21, 1975, letter to Reichard. An elevation drawing of a temple facade and a plan of the ancient city of Philadelphia are also included with this memorandum. On the excavation and architecture of the Great Temple of Amman, see Kanellopoulos (1994). On the citadel and Temple of Hercules, see Bowsher (1992): 129–38; MacAdam (1992): 27–46; and Northedge (1992): 57–62.
- 112.
September 10, 1975, letter from Scott to Crownover, Penn Museum Archives.
- 113.
November 13, 1975, letter from Peter Shepheard to Titus Hewryk, associate director, Planning Office, University of Pennsylvania, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives.
- 114.
November 13, 1975, letter from Peter Shepheard to Titus Hewryk, associate director, Planning Office, University of Pennsylvania, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives.
- 115.
On the expense of reconstructing the column, see January 30, 1976, letter from David Crownover to Titus Hewryk, Director’s Office Records, Froelich G. Rainey (1947–1977)—Jordan, 1975–1976, Penn Museum Archives.
- 116.
The discovery, archaeology, nature, and the provenance of the scrolls remain hotly debated, as does their authorship. For a summary of the discovery, see Crawford (2019): 118–19. While these debates are not central to this discussion, for more information see Collins and Lim (2010); Lim (2017); Crawford (2019); and Justnes (2023).
- 117.
See Justnes (2023) and his previous research on the provenance of Dead Sea Scroll fragments.
- 118.
- 119.
Israeli Antiquities Authority,n.d.
- 120.
Israeli Antiquities Authority,n.d.
- 121.
Israeli Antiquities Authority,n.d.
- 122.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art,n.d.
- 123.
The Dead Sea Scroll Jar– object file, the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art (henceforth “ANE Archive”). I am indebted to Yelena Rakic for sharing the file with me.
- 124.
An untitled note in the file states that the jar was “acquired by Prof. Ward as a gift for some American institution from Dr. Awni Dajani.” Presumably, Vaughn E. Crawford wrote these notes; ANE Archive.
- 125.
October 8, 1963, letter from Dr. Awni Dajani to Richard J. Ward, ANE Archive.
- 126.
October 8, 1963, letter from Dr. Awni Dajani to Richard J. Ward, ANE Archive.
- 127.
C. W. Post College of Long Island University Presents a Series of Lectures on the Dead Sea Scrolls—Pamphlet, ANE Archive.
- 128.
Post Pioneer (1963). Dead Sea Relic Loaned to Post. December 6, 1963, ANE Archive.
- 129.
January 10, 1964, letter from Richard J. Ward to Dr. Vaughn Crawford, ANE Archive.
- 130.
January 29, 1964, letter from Dr. Vaughn Crawford to Richard J. Ward, ANE Archive.
- 131.
- 132.
April 22, 1964, letter from Dr. Vaughn Crawford to Richard J. Ward, ANE Archive.
- 133.
May 6, 1964, letter from Richard J. Ward to Dr. Vaughn Crawford, ANE Archive.
- 134.
June 8, 1964, letter from Dr. Vaughn Crawford to Richard J. Ward, ANE Archive.
- 135.
The letters cited in this section are from the Archive of the Department of Antiquities of Mandatory Palestine (1919–1948), held by the Israel Antiquities Authority, which has digitized copies of the letters, documentation, and waybills for the exportation of the jars, which came from both Qumran and ‘Ain Fashkha.
- 136.
Kraeling (1952): 1; 5–7.
- 137.
November 8, 1951, letter from Dorothy Kent Hill, Curator of Ancient Art at the Walters Art Gallery, to Mr. Joseph Saad, Palestine Archaeological Museum, Mandatory Palestine Archive. Subsequent letters (dated October 9, 1951) discuss the purchase.
- 138.
No. 9/12/273, memo, dated to July 2, 1951, Mandatory Palestine Archive. Joseph Saad, the secretary of the Palestine Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem, had permission to export the jar to Liverpool.
- 139.
For example, this philosophy underscores the collection of the Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC, funded by the Green family of Hobby Lobby. The collection has been formed through purchase of antiquities, many of which have been stolen. The Green family has purchased anything and everything associated with the Bible and the life of Jesus, regardless of legality. Many objects have been returned to their home countries, as has been widely reported in the media.
- 140.
Calculation done using the Bank of England Inflation Calculator. Exchange rate used was 1.24, the average exchange rate of GBP to US dollars for the first seven months of 2023, Bank of England (n.d.).
- 141.
The records on the Harvard jar as to whether it was purchased or gifted are unclear; it seems to have been purchased (J. Greene per. comm.). On the Mormon purchase, see Jones (1965): 28.
- 142.
Kersel, Chesson, and Hill,n.d.
- 143.
- 144.
- 145.
- 146.
Kersel, Chesson, and Hill,n.d.
- 147.
For the distribution of these tomb groups and their history, see Kersel, Chesson, and Hill,n.d.
- 148.
Kersel, Chesson, and Hill,n.d.
- 149.
Adjusted inflation amounts are from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (n.d.).
- 150.
- 151.
Kersel (2015): 51.
- 152.
Luke and Kersel (2013).
- 153.
Macaulay-Lewis and Simard (2015): 354.
- 154.
Bauer (2007): 690–723.
- 155.
A good example of this is the American Center of Research’s (ACOR’s) USAID Sustainable Cultural Heritage through Engagement of Local Communities Project (SCHEP).
- 156.
As 2023, the first stage of stabilization work was undertaken for the pavilion; see National Trust for Historic Preservation,n.d.
- 157.
Thank you to Jonathan Kuhn, Director of Art and Antiquities for the New York City Parks Department, for sharing this information with me.
Bibliography
Archives Consulted and Unpublished Materials
The Archive of the Department of Antiquities of Mandatory Palestine and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1919–1948), held by the Israel Antiquities Authority.http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/. Accessed 16 March 2023.
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Fact Sheet. 1964. Jordan Pavilion. 1964–1965 World’s Fair.http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/documents/jordan-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2023.
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1964 Official Guide New York World’s Fair, New York World’s Fair 1964–1965 Archive, Queens Public Library, New York.
Penn Museum Archives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Princeton Museum Archives, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
Translations of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 1964–1965 World’s Fair. Author’s Collection.
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M.A. Program in Liberal Studies, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
Elizabeth R. Macaulay
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Macaulay, E.R. (2024). Columns as Cultural Capital: The Jordanian Practice of Gifting Archaeological Objects. In: Archaeological Ambassadors. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51391-6_4
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