The framing effect is a phenomenon in which differences in positive or negative verbal expressions change a person’s decision. A recent study revealed that people made biased decisions, even when given a supplementary pie chart, thus demonstrating that the attribute framing effect is maintained. However, the stage of the process wherein the attribute framing effect arises remains an open question. In this paper, we conducted two investigations to determine whether differences in verbal expressions affect how people read and create pie charts. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether differences in verbal expressions positively or negatively affect reading a pie chart. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether differences in verbal expressions positively or negatively affect drawing a pie chart. As a result of the two experiments, subjects answered the pie chart values correctly. In other words, it was suggested that the framing effect occurs during the final decision-making step, not during the rate-drawing or rate-reading step.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Nomi, Japan

   Kaede Takamune, Kazushi Nishimoto & Kentaro Takashima

Corresponding author

Correspondence toKaede Takamune.

Editors and Affiliations

1. University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece

   Constantine Stephanidis

2. University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece

   Margherita Antona

3. University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece

   Stavroula Ntoa

4. University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

   Gavriel Salvendy

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