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Grape: Efficient Hybrid Consensus Protocol Using DAG

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Abstract

One most potential solution to enhancing the performance of the Nakamoto consensus is to utilize the classic Byzantine fault-tolerant protocol running by a rolling committee. However, this hybrid consensus method still faces some challenges. One is that many hybrid consensus schemes use the Nakamoto single-chain, resulting in low throughput and poor scalability. The other is that the committee’s internal consensus process has to be interrupted when the committee rotates. To address these challenges, we propose Grape, an efficient hybrid consensus protocol using the Directed Acyclic Graph structure. We prove that Grape is secure when the adversary’s ratio of the mining power is less than 1/3. To demonstrate the feasibility of Grape, we implement a prototype and make the experimental evaluation. The result shows that Grape achieves high transaction throughput with instant confirmation.

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61872142, 62072305), the Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province (No. 2021CXGC010105), and the Open Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing under grant No. OP202205.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that based on the security of the underlying BFT consensus, a leader in the committee who tries to stay longer by not including any identity blocks will always be found by other members and be replaced after a view-change phase.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Yu Song, Guoshun Fan, Yu Long, Zhen Liu & Dawu Gu

  2. East China University of Science and Technology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, Shanghai, China

    Xian Xu

Authors
  1. Yu Song

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  2. Guoshun Fan

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  3. Yu Long

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  4. Zhen Liu

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  5. Xian Xu

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  6. Dawu Gu

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Corresponding authors

Correspondence toYu Long,Xian Xu orDawu Gu.

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Samovar, Télécom SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France

    Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

  2. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

    Guillermo Navarro-Arribas

  3. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    Nicola Dragoni

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Song, Y., Fan, G., Long, Y., Liu, Z., Xu, X., Gu, D. (2023). Grape: Efficient Hybrid Consensus Protocol Using DAG. In: Garcia-Alfaro, J., Navarro-Arribas, G., Dragoni, N. (eds) Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology. DPM CBT 2022 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13619. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25734-6_16

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