Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Regret from Cognition to Code

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Abstract

Regret seems like a very negative emotion, sometimes even debilitating. However, emotions usually have a purpose – in the case of regret to help us learn from past mistakes. In this paper we first present an informal cognitive account of the way regret is built from a wide range of both primitive and more sophisticated mental abilities. The story includes Skinner-level learning, imagination, emotion, and counter-factual reasoning. When it works well this system focuses attention on aspects of past events where a small difference in behaviour would have made a big difference in outcome – precisely the most important lessons to learn. The paper then takes elements of this cognitive account and creates a computational model, which can be applied in simple learning situations. We find that even this simplified model boosts machine learning reducing the number of required training samples by a factor of 3–10. This has theoretical implications in terms of understanding emotion and mechanisms that may cast light on related phenomena such as creativity and serendipity. It also has potential practical applications in improving machine leaning and maybe even alleviating dysfunctional regret.

This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
JPY 3498
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
JPY 5719
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
JPY 7149
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide -see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agrawal, M., Peterson, J.C., Griffiths, T.L.: Scaling up psychology via scientific regret minimization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.117(16), 8825–8835 (2020).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915841117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Azevedo, R., Hadwin, A.F.: Scaffolding self-regulated learning and metacognition-implications for the design of computer-based scaffolds. Instr. Sci.33(5/6), 367–379 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Baker-Sennett, J., Matusov, E., Rogoff, B.: Planning as developmental process. Adv. Child Dev. Behav.24, 253–281 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Baldi, P., Atiya, A.F.: How delays affect neural dynamics and learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw.5(4), 612–621 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bandura, A., Walters, R.H.: Social Learning Theory, vol. 1. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bitterman, M.: Classical conditioning since Pavlov. Rev. Gen. Psychol.10(4), 365–376 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Blum, A., Mansour, Y.: Learning, regret minimization, and equilibria. In: Nisan, N., Roughgarden, T., Tardos, E., Vazirani, V.V. (eds.) Algorithmic Game Theory, pp. 79–102. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007).https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800481.006

  8. Brown, N., Lerer, A., Gross, S., Sandholm, T.: Deep counterfactual regret minimization. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp. 793–802. PMLR (2019).https://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/brown19b.html

  9. Butz, M.V., Achimova, A., Bilkey, D., Knott, A.: Event-predictive cognition: a root for conceptual human thought (2021).https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12522

  10. Byrne, R.M.: Cognitive processes in counterfactual thinking about what might have been. In: Medin, D. (ed.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, pp. 105–154. Academic Press, San Diego (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Byrne, R.M.: Mental models and counterfactual thoughts about what might have been. Trends Cogn. Sci.6(10), 426–431 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Byrne, R.M.: The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality. MIT Press, Cambridge (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Clark, R.E.: The classical origins of Pavlov’s conditioning. Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci.39(4), 279–294 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Connolly, T., Zeelenberg, M.: Regret in decision making. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci.11(6), 212–216 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dix, A.: The adaptive significance of regret (2005).https://alandix.com/academic/essays/regret.pdf, unpublished essay

  16. Dykes, J.: The carbon footprint of AI and cloud computing. Geographical (2020).https://geographical.co.uk/nature/energy/item/3876-the-carbon-footprint-of-ai-and-cloud-computing

  17. Egan, K.: Memory, imagination, and learning: connected by the story. Phi Delta Kappan70(6), 455–459 (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  18. EPSRC: Human-like computing: Report of a workshop held on 17 & 18 February 2016, Bristol, UK (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Epstude, K., Roese, N.J.: The functional theory of counterfactual thinking. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.12(2), 168–192 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Fehrer, E.: Effects of amount of reinforcement and of pre-and postreinforcement delays on learning and extinction. J. Exp. Psychol.52(3), 167 (1956)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Freitag, C., Berners-Lee, M., Widdicks, K., Knowles, B., Blair, G.S., Friday, A.: The real climate and transformative impact of ICT: a critique of estimates, trends, and regulations. Patterns2(9), 1–18 (2021).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Friedman, S.L., Scholnick, E.K.: The Developmental Psychology of Planning: Why, How, and When Do We Plan? Psychology Press, London (2014)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Kahneman, D., Miller, D.T.: Norm theory: comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychol. Rev.93(2), 136–153 (1986).https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kahneman, D., Tversky, A.: Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica47(2), 263–291 (1979).https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185

  25. Lattal, K.A.: Delayed reinforcement of operant behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav.93(1), 129–139 (2010).https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2010.93-129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Loomes, G., Sugden, R.: Regret theory: an alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty. Econ. J.92(368), 805–824 (1982).https://doi.org/10.2307/2232669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. MacIntyre, P., Gregersen, T.: Emotions that facilitate language learning: the positive-broadening power of the imagination. Stud. Second Lang. Learn. Teach.2(2), 193–213 (2012).https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ssllt/article/view/5009/5229

  28. Markman, K.D., McMullen, M.N.: A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.7(3), 244–267 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Markman, K.D., McMullen, M.N., Elizaga, R.A.: Counterfactual thinking, persistence, and performance: a test of the reflection and evaluation model. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.44(2), 421–428 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. McCormack, T., Feeney, A., Beck, S.R.: Regret and decision-making: a developmental perspective. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci.29(4), 346–350 (2020).https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420917688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. McSweeney, F.K., Bierley, C.: Recent developments in classical conditioning. J. Consum. Res.11(2), 619–631 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Muggleton, S., Chater, N.: Human-Like Machine Intelligence. University Press, Oxford (2021)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. O’Connor, E., McCormack, T., Feeney, A.: Do children who experience regret make better decisions? A developmental study of the behavioral consequences of regret. Child Dev.85(5), 1995–2010 (2014).https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Pearce, J.M., Bouton, M.E.: Theories of associative learning in animals. Annu. Rev. Psychol.52(1), 111–139 (2001).https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Sanna, L.J., Stocker, S.L., Clarke, J.A.: Rumination, imagination, and personality: specters of the past and future in the present. In: Chang, E.C., Sanna, L.J. (eds.) Virtue, Vice, and Personality: The Complexity of Behavior, pp. 105–124. American Psychological Association (2003).https://doi.org/10.1037/10614-007

  36. Shalev-Shwartz, S., et al.: Online learning and online convex optimization. Found. Trends Mach. Learn.4(2), 107–194 (2011).https://doi.org/10.1561/2200000018

    Article MATH  Google Scholar 

  37. Skinner, B.: Operant conditioning. In: The Encyclopedia of Education, vol. 7, pp. 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  38. Smith, T.A., Kimball, D.R.: Learning from feedback: spacing and the delay-retention effect. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn.36(1), 80 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Staddon, J.E., Cerutti, D.T.: Operant conditioning. Annu. Rev. Psychol.54(1), 115–144 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Touretzky, D.S., Saksida, L.M.: Operant conditioning in Skinnerbots. Adapt. Behav.5(3–4), 219–247 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Touretzky, D., Saksida, L.: Skinnerbots. In: Maes, P., Mataric, M., Meyer, J.A., Pollack, J., Wilson, S.W. (eds.) From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pp. 285–294. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M.: Regret aversion and the reluctance to exchange lottery tickets. J. Econ. Psychol.32(1), 194–200 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Weick, K.E.: The role of imagination in the organizing of knowledge. Eur. J. Inf. Syst.15(5), 446–452 (2006).https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zeelenberg, M., Pieters, R.: Consequences of regret aversion in real life: the case of the Dutch postcode lottery. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.93(2), 155–168 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Zeelenberg, M., Van Dijk, W.W., Manstead, A.S.R., der Pligt, J.: The experience of regret and disappointment. Cogn. Emot.12(2), 221–230 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zhang, Z., Ji, X.: Regret minimization for reinforcement learning by evaluating the optimal bias function. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 32 (2019).https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2019/file/9e984c108157cea74c894b5cf34efc44-Paper.pdf

  47. Zinkevich, M., Johanson, M., Bowling, M., Piccione, C.: Regret minimization in games with incomplete information. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2007), pp. 1729–1736. Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook (2007)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Computational Foundry, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK

    Alan Dix

  2. School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    Genovefa Kefalidou

Authors
  1. Alan Dix

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Genovefa Kefalidou

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence toGenovefa Kefalidou.

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan

    Antonio Cerone

  2. University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy

    Marco Autili

  3. Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden

    Alessio Bucaioni

  4. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

    Cláudio Gomes

  5. University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy

    Pierluigi Graziani

  6. University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Maurizio Palmieri

  7. Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Marco Temperini

  8. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

    Gentiane Venture

Rights and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Dix, A., Kefalidou, G. (2022). Regret from Cognition to Code. In: Cerone, A.,et al. Software Engineering and Formal Methods. SEFM 2021 Collocated Workshops. SEFM 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13230. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12429-7_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
JPY 3498
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
JPY 5719
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
JPY 7149
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide -see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only


[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp