• Anti-Defamation League. (2009).Rage grows in America: Anti-government conspiracies.http://www.adl.org/special_reports/rage-grows-in-america/default.asp. Accessed November 23, 2009.

• Anti-Defamation League. (2013).Matt Hale.https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/combating-hate/Hale-Matt-EIA.pdf. Accessed June 22, 2018.

• Back, L., Keith, M., & Solomos, J. (1998). Racism on the internet: Mapping neo-fascist subcultures in cyberspace. In J. Kaplan & T. Bjorgo (Eds.),Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture (pp. 73–101). Boston: Northeastern University Press.

  Google Scholar 

• BBC. (2018, October 28). Pittsburgh shooting: What we know so far.BBC.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-uscanada-46003665. Accessed December 20, 2018.

• Berlet, C. (2008).When hate went online.http://www.researchforprogress.us/topic/34691/when-hate-went-online/. Accessed April 14, 2017.

• Bernstein, J. (2017, October 5). Here’s how Breitbart and Milo smuggled white nationalism into the mainstream.Buzzfeed.https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/heres-how-breitbart-and-milo-smuggled-white-nationalism. Accessed July 20, 2018.

• Bowman-Grieve, L. (2009). Exploring ‘Stormfront’: A virtual community of the radical right.Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,32(11), 989–1007.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Broderick, R. (2018, May 3). Richard Spencer’s website has been pulled offline by GoDaddy.Buzzfeed.https://www.buzzfeed.com/ryanhatesthis/richard-spencers-website-has-been-pulled-offline-by-godaddy?utm_term=.ftEk7w7MNA#.hhenY2Yxq3. Accessed May 4, 2018.

• Clark, D. B. (2018, January 16). Meet Antifa’s secret weapon against far-right extremists.Wired.https://www.wired.com/story/free-speech-issue-antifa-data-mining/. Accessed June 20, 2018.

• Cuthbertson, A. (2018, June 15). Nazis and other extremists appear to be migrating to Google Plus after a crackdown from other social networks.The Independent.https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/nazi-google-plus-facebook-twitter-white-supremacist-extremist-groups-a8401156.html. Accessed June 20, 2018.

• Daniels, J. (2009).Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

  Google Scholar 

• Daro, I. N., & Lytvynenko, J. (2018, April 18). Right-wing YouTubers think it’s only a matter of time before they get kicked off the site.Buzzfeed.https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.tq5AqdqEVj#.ngj6rxr97M. Accessed June 20, 2018.

• De Koster, W., & Houtman, D. (2008). ‘Stormfront is like a second home to me’: On virtual community formation by right-wing extremists.Information, Communication & Society,11(8), 1155–1176.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ebner, J. (2018, January 24). The currency of the far-right: Why neo-Nazis love bitcoin.The Guardian.https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/24/bitcoin-currency-far-right-neo-nazis-cryptocurrencies. Accessed August 18, 2018.

• Ganesh, B. (2018, June 7). What the red pill means for radicals.Fair Observer.https://www.fairobserver.com/world-news/incels-alt-right-manosphere-extremism-radicalism-news-51421/. Accessed June 20, 2018.

• Garcia-Favaro, L., & Gill, R. (2016). ‘Emasculation nation has arrived’: Sexism rearticulated in online responses to Lose the Lads’ Mags campaign.Feminist Media Studies, 16(3), 379–397.

  Google Scholar 

• Ging, D. (2017). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere.Men and Masculinities, iFirst.https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401.

• Hatewatch. (2016, December 16). Update: 1094 bias related incidents in the month following the election.Southern Poverty Law Center.https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/12/16/update-1094-bias-related-incidents-month-following-election. Accessed 1 April 2017.

• Hatewatch. (2018a, January 18). Andrew Anglin brags about ‘indoctrinating’ children into Nazi ideology.Southern Poverty Law Center.https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/01/18/andrew-anglin-brags-about-indoctrinating-children-nazi-ideology. Accessed May 15, 2018.

• Hatewatch. (2018b, April 19). McInnes, Molyneux, and 4chan: Investigating pathways to the alt-right.Southern Poverty Law Center.https://www.splcenter.org/20180419/mcinnes-molyneux-and-4chan-investigating-pathways-alt-right. Accessed April 22, 2018.

• Hatewatch. (2018c, June 14). The biggest lie in the white supremacist propaganda playbook.Southern Poverty Law Center.https://www.splcenter.org/20180614/biggest-lie-white-supremacist-propaganda-playbook-unraveling-truth-about-‘black-white-crime. Accessed June 20, 2018.

• Hawley, G. (2017).Making Sense of the Alt-Right. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Holthouse, D. (2009). The year in hate: Number of hate groups tops 900.Intelligence Report. Spring.https://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=1027. Accessed October 12, 2009.

• King, R. C., & Leonard, D. J. (2014).Beyond Hate: White Power and Popular Culture. Farnham: Ashgate.

  Google Scholar 

• Kozlowska, H. (2018, May 26). Facebook forbids white supremacy, but allows white separatism and nationalism.Quartz.https://qz.com/1290044/facebook-forbids-white-supremacy-but-allows-white-separatism-and-nationalism/. Accessed May 30, 2018.

• Lavin, T. (2018, January 7). The neo-Nazis of the Daily Stormer wander the digital wilderness.New Yorker.https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-neo-nazis-of-the-daily-stormer-wander-the-digital-wilderness. Accessed April 22, 2018.

• Lumsden, K., & Morgan, H. M. (2017). Cyber-trolling as symbolic violence: Deconstructing gendered abuse online. In N. Lombard (Ed.),The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Violence (pp. 121–132). London: Routledge.

  Google Scholar 

• Mondon, A., & Winter, A. (2017). Articulations of Islamophobia: From the extreme to the mainstream?Ethnic and Racial Studies Review,40(13), 2151–2179.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mondon, A., & Winter, A. (2018, August 26). Understanding the mainstreaming of the far-right.openDemocracy.https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/aurelien-mondon-aaron-winter/understanding-mainstreaming-of-far-right. Accessed August 26, 2018.

• Müller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2016).Making America hate again? Twitter and hate crime under Trump.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3149103. Accessed June 20, 2018.

• Neidig, H. (2017, December 18). Twitter launches hate speech crackdown.The Hill.http://thehill.com/policy/technology/365424-twitter-to-begin-enforcing-new-hate-speech-rules. Accessed May 10, 2018.

• Neiwert, D. (2017).Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump. London: Verso.

  Google Scholar 

• Noble, S. U. (2018).Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• O’Brian, L. (2017, May 4). Trump’s most influential white nationalist troll.HuffPost US.https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/trump-white-nationalist-troll-ricky-vaughn_us_5ac53167e4b09ef3b2432627. Accessed June 15, 2018.

• Pasha-Robinson, L. (2017, September 4). Antifa: US security agencies label group ‘domestic terrorists’.The Independent.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/antifa-domestic-terrorists-us-security-agencies-homeland-security-fbi-a7927881.html. Accessed April 20, 2018.

• Perry, B., & Scrivens, R. (2016). White pride worldwide: Constructing global identities online. In J. Schweppe & M. Walters (Eds.),The Globalisation of Hate: Internationalising Hate Crime (pp. 65–78). New York: Oxford University Press.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Reitman, J. (2018, May 2). All-American Nazis: How a senseless double murder in Florida exposed the rise of an organized fascist youth movement in the United States.Rolling Stone.https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/all-american-nazis-fascist-youth-united-states-w519651. Accessed May 30, 2018.

• Ridgeway, J. (1990).Blood in the Face: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads, and the Rise of the New White Culture. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Schwencke, K. (2017, March 24). A 2-for-1 for racists: Post hateful fliers, and revel in the news coverage.ProPublica.https://www.propublica.org/article/a-2-for-1-for-racists-post-hateful-fliers-and-revel-in-the-news-coverage. Accessed April 22, 2018.

• Scrivens, R., Davies, G., & Frank, R. (2017). Searching for signs of extremism on the web: An introduction to sentiment-based identification of radical authors.Behavioural Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression,10(1), 39–59.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sharma, S., & Brooker, P. (2016). #Notracist: Exploring racist denial talk on Twitter.Digital Sociologies (pp. 463–485). Bristol: Policy Press.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Simi, P., & Futrell, R. (2010).American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement’s Hidden Spaces of Hate. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

  Google Scholar 

• Southern Poverty Law Center. (2001). Reaping the whirlwind.Intelligence Report.http://www.splcenter.org/intelligenceproject/ip-4t3.html. Accessed December 10, 2008.

• Southern Poverty Law Center. (2014, March 31).White homicide worldwide.https://www.splcenter.org/20140331/white-homicide-worldwide. Accessed April 22, 2018.

• Southern Poverty Law Center. (2018).How tech supports hate.https://www.splcenter.org/hate-and-tech. Accessed June 22, 2018.

• Southern Poverty Law Center. (NDa).Matt Hale.https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/matt-hale. Accessed May 20, 2018.

• Southern Poverty Law Center. (NDb).Stormfront.https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/stormfront. Accessed April 10, 2017.

• Southern Poverty Law Center. (NDc).Alt-Right.https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/alt-right. Accessed April 10, 2017.

• US Department of Homeland Security. (2009).Rightwing extremism: Current economic and political climate fueling resurgence in radicalization and recruitment.https://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf. Accessed March 17, 2017.

• We Hunted the Mammoth. (2018).www.wehuntedthemammoth.com. Accessed April 20, 2018.

• Weiss, B. (2018, May 8). Meet the renegades of the intellectual dark web.New York Times.https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/opinion/intellectual-dark-web.html. Accessed June 10, 2018.

• Wendling, M. (2018).Alt-Right: From 4chan to the White House. London: Pluto Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Winter, A. (2011a). Richard Butler. In J. I. Ross (Ed.),Religion and Violence: An Encyclopaedia of Faith and Conflict (pp. 122–126). Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.

  Google Scholar 

• Winter, A. (2011b). The Order. In J. I. Ross (Ed.),Religion and Violence: An Encyclopaedia of Faith and Conflict (pp. 542–546). Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.

  Google Scholar 

• Winter, A. (2014). My enemies must be friends: The American extreme right, conspiracy theory, Islam and the Middle East. In M. Reinkowski & M. Butter (Eds.),Conspiracy Theories in the Middle East and the United States: A Comparative Approach (pp. 35–58). Berlin: De Gruyter.

  Google Scholar 

• Winter, A. (2017). Charlottesville, far-right rallies, racism and relating to power.openDemocracy.https://www.opendemocracy.net/aaron-winter/charlottesville-far-right-rallies-racism-and-relating-to-power. Accessed October 10, 2018.

• Winter, A. (2018). The Klanis history: A historical perspective on the revival of the far-right in ‘post-racial’ America. In J. Morrison, A. Silke, J. Windle, & A. Winter (Eds.),Historical Perspectives on Organised Crime and Terrorism (pp. 109–132). Abingdon: Routledge.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references