3746Accesses
113 Altmetric
14Mentions
Abstract
Mammalian gut microbial communities form intricate mutualisms with their hosts, which have profound implications on overall health. One group of important gut microbial mutualists are bacteria in the genusRuminococcus, which serve to degrade and convert complex polysaccharides into a variety of nutrients for their hosts. Isolated decades ago from the bovine rumen, ruminococci have since been cultured from other ruminant and non-ruminant sources, and next-generation sequencing has further shown their distribution to be widespread in a diversity of animal hosts. While most ruminococci that have been studied are those capable of degrading cellulose, much less is known about non-cellulolytic, nonruminant-associated species, such as those found in humans. Furthermore, a mechanistic understanding of the role ofRuminococcus spp. in their respective hosts is still a work in progress. This review highlights the broad work done on species within the genusRuminococcus with respect to their physiology, phylogenetic relatedness, and their potential impact on host health.
This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Abell, G.C.J., Cooke, C.M., Bennett, C.N., Conlon, M.A., and Mc-Orist, A.L. 2008. Phylotypes related toRuminococcus bromii are abundant in the large bowel of humans and increase in response to a diet high in resistant starch.FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.66, 505–515.
Aminov, R.I., Kaneichi, K., Miyagi, T., Sakka, K., and Ohmiya, K. 1994. Construction of genetically markedRuminococcus albus strains and conjugal transfer of plasmid pAMB1 into them.J. Ferment. Bioeng.78, 1–5.
Bryant, M.P. and Robinson, I.M. 1961. Some nutritional requirements of the genus Ruminococcus.Appl. Microbiol.9, 91–95.
Cao, Y., Zhang, R., Sun, C., Cheng, T., Liu, Y., and Xian, M. 2013. Fermentative succinate production: an emerging technology to replace the traditional petrochemical processes.Biomed Res. Int.2013, 723412.
Chassard, C., Delmas, E., Robert, C., Lawson, P.A., and Bernalier-Donadille, A. 2012.Ruminococcus champanellensis sp.nov., a cellulose-degrading bacterium from human gut microbiota. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.62, 138–143.
Chen, J., Stevenson, D.M., and Weimer, P.J. 2004. Albusin B, a bacteriocin from the ruminal bacteriumRuminococcus albus 7 that inhibits growth ofRuminococcus flavefaciens.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.70, 3167–3170.
Christopherson, M.R., Dawson, J.A., Stevenson, D.M., Cunningham, A.C., Bramhacharya, S., Weimer, P.J., Kendziorski, C., and Suen, G. 2014. Unique aspects of fiber degradation by the ruminal ethanologenRuminococcus albus 7 revealed by physiological and transcriptomic analysis.BMC Genomics15, 1066.
Christopherson, M.R. and Suen, G. 2013. Nature’s bioreactor: the rumen as a model for biofuel production.Biofuels4, 511–521.
Chua, H.H., Chou, H.C., Tung, Y.L., Chiang, B.L., Liao, C.C., Liu, H.H., and Ni, Y.H. 2018. Intestinal dysbiosis featuring abundance ofRuminococcus gnavus associates with allergic diseases in infants.Gastroenterology154, 154–167.
Cocconcelli, P.S., Ferrari, E., Rossi, F., and Bottazzi, V. 1992. Plasmid transformation ofRuminococcus albus by means of high-voltage electroporation.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.73, 203–207.
Consortium, T.H.M.P. 2013. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome.Nature486, 207–214.
Crost, E.H., Tailford, L.E., Le Gall, G., Fons, M., Henrissat, B., and Juge, N. 2013. Utilisation of mucin glycans by the human gut symbiontRuminococcus gnavus is strain-dependent.PLoS One8, e76341.
Crost, E.H., Tailford, L.E., Monestier, M., Swarbreck, D., Henrissat, B., Crossman, L.C., and Juge, N. 2016. The mucin-degradation strategy ofRuminococcus gnavus: The importance of intramolecular trans-sialidases.Gut Microbes7, 302–312.
Cuív, P.Ó., Smith, W.J., Pottenger, S., Burman, S., Shanahan, E.R., and Morrison, M. 2015. Isolation of genetically tractable mostwanted bacteria by metaparental mating.Sci. Rep.5, 13282.
Dassa, B., Borovok, I., Ruimy-Israeli, V., Lamed, R., Flint, H.J., Duncan, S.H., Henrissat, B., Coutinho, P., Morrison, M., Mosoni, C.J.,et al. 2014. Rumen cellulosomics: divergent fiber-degrading strategies revealed by comparative genome-wide analysis of six ruminococcal strains.PLoS One9, e99221.
David, Y.B., Dassa, B., Borovok, I., Lamed, R., Koropatkin, N.M., Martens, E.C., White, B.A., Bernalier-Donadille, A., Duncan, S.H., Flint, H.J.,et al. 2015. Ruminococcal cellulosome systems from rumen to human.Environ. Microbiol.17, 3407–3426.
Devendran, S., Abdel-Hamid, A.M., Evans, A.F., Iakiviak, M., Kwon, I.H., Mackie, R.I., and Cann, I. 2016. Multiple cellobiohydrolases and cellobiose phosphorylases cooperate in the ruminal bacteriumRuminococcus albus 8 to degrade cellooligosaccharides.Sci. Rep.6, 35342.
Devillard, E., Goodheart, D.B., Karnati, S.K.R., Bayer, E.A., Lamed, R., Miron, J., Nelson, K.E., and Morrison, M. 2004.Ruminococcus albus 8 mutants defective in cellulose degradation are deficient in two processive endocellulases, Cel48A and Cel9B, both of which possess a novel modular architecture.J. Bacteriol.186, 136–145.
Ding, S.Y., Bayer, E.A., Steiner, D., Shoham, Y., and Lamed, R. 1999. A novel cellulosomal scaffoldin fromAcetivibrio cellulolyticus that contains a family 9 glycosyl hydrolase.J. Bacteriol.181, 6720–6729.
Ding, S.Y., Bayer, E.A., Steiner, D., Shoham, Y., and Lamed, R. 2000. A scaffoldin of the Bacteroides cellulosolvens cellulosome that contains 11 type II cohesins.J. Bacteriol.182, 4915–4925.
Ding, S., Rincon, M.T., Lamed, R., Martin, J.C., McCrae, S.I., Aurilia, V., Shoham, Y., Bayer, E.A., and Flint, H.J. 2001. Cellulosomal scaffoldin-like proteins fromRuminococcus flavefaciens.183, 1945–1953.
Domingo, M.C., Huletsky, A., Boissinot, M., Bernard, K.A., Picard, F.J., and Bergeron, M.G. 2008. Ruminococcus gauvreauii sp.nov., a glycopeptide-resistant species isolated from a human faecal specimen. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.58, 1393–1397.
Eckburg, P.B., Bik, E.M., Bernstein, C.N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S.R., Nelson, K.E., and Relman, D.A. 2005. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora.Science308, 1635–1638.
Ezer, A., Matalon, E., Jindou, S., Borovok, I., Atamna, N., Yu, Z., Morrison, M., Bayer, E.A., and Lamed, R. 2008. Cell surface enzyme attachment is mediated by family 37 carbohydrate-binding modules, unique toRuminococcus albus.J. Bacteriol.190, 8220–8222.
Finegold, S.M., Molitoris, D., Song, Y., Liu, C., Vaisanen, M., Bolte, E., McTeague, M., Sandler, R., Wexler, H., Marlowe, E.M.,et al. 2002. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism.Clin. Infect. Dis.35 Suppl., S6–S16.
Flint, H.J., Bayer, E.A., Rincon, M.T., Lamed, R., and White, B.A. 2008. Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis.Nat. Rev. Microbiol.6, 121–131.
Hall, A.B., Tolonen, A.C., and Xavier, R.J. 2017. Human genetic variation and the gut microbiome in disease.Nat. Rev. Genet.18, 690–699.
Hansen, S.G.K., Skov, M.N., and Justesen, U.S. 2013. Two cases ofRuminococcus gnavus bacteremia associated with diverticulitis.J. Clin. Microbiol.51, 1334–1336.
Henderson, G., Cox, F., Ganesh, S., Jonker, A., Young, W., Global Rumen Census Collaborators, and Janssen, P.H. 2015. Rumen microbial community composition varies with diet and host, but a core microbiome is found across a wide geographical range.Sci. Rep.5, 14567.
Holdeman, L.V. and Moore, W.E. 1974. New genus, Coprococcus, twelve new species, and emended descriptions of four previously describes species of bacteria from human feces.Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.24, 260–277.
Hsiao, A., Ahmed, A.M.S., Subramanian, S., Griffin, N.W., Drewry, L.L., Petri, W.A., Haque, R., Ahmed, T., and Gordon, J.I. 2014. Members of the human gut microbiota involved in recovery fromVibrio cholerae infection.Nature515, 423–426.
Hungate, R.E. 1957. Microorganisms in the rumen fed a constant ration.Can. J. Microbiol.3, 289–311.
Iakiviak, M., Devendran, S., Skorupski, A., Moon, Y.H., Mackie, R.I., and Cann, I. 2016. Functional and modular analyses of diverse endoglucanases fromRuminococcus albus 8, a specialist plant cell wall degrading bacterium.Sci. Rep.6, 29979.
Iakiviak, M., Mackie, R.I., and Cann, I.K.O. 2011. Functional analyses of multiple lichenin-degrading enzymes from the rumen bacteriumRuminococcus albus 8.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.77, 7541–7550.
Iannotti, E.L., Kafkewitz, I.D., Wolin, M.J., and Bryant, M.P. 1973. Glucose fermentation products ofRuminococcus albus grown in continuous culture withVibrio succinogenes: changes caused by interspecies transfer of H2.J. Bacteriol.114, 1231–1240.
Israeli-Ruimy, V., Bule, P., Jindou, S., Dassa, B., Moraïs, S., Borovok, I., Barak, Y., Slutzki, M., Hamberg, Y., Cardoso, V.,et al. 2017. Complexity of theRuminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 cellulosome reflects an expansion of family-related protein-protein interactions.Sci. Rep.7, 42355.
Jenq, R.R., Taur, Y., Devlin, S.M., Ponce, D.M., Goldberg, J.D., Ahr, K.F., Littmann, E.R., Ling, L., Gobourne, A.C., Miller, L.C.,et al. 2015. Intestinal Blautia is associated with reduced death from graft-versus-host disease.Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.21, 1373–1383.
Jones, B.V., Begley, M., Hill, C., Gahan, C.G.M., and Marchesi, J.R. 2008. Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105, 13580–13585.
Kang, S., Denman, S.E., Morrison, M., Yu, Z., Dore, J., Leclerc, M., and McSweeney, C.S. 2010. Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn's disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray.Inflamm. Bowel Dis.16, 2034–2042.
Kim, M.S., Roh, S.W., and Bae, J.W. 2011. Ruminococcus faecis sp.nov., isolated from human faeces. J. Microbiol.49, 487–491.
Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H.P., and Bohn, A. 2005. Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.44, 3358–3393.
Klieve, A.V., O’Leary, M.N., McMillen, L., and Ouwerkerk, D. 2007.Ruminococcus bromii, identification and isolation as a dominant community member in the rumen of cattle fed a barley diet.J. Appl. Microbiol.103, 2065–2073.
Koeck, D.E., Pechtl, A., Zverlov, V. V., and Schwarz, W.H. 2014. Genomics of cellulolytic bacteria.Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.29, 171–183.
Koskey, A.M., Fisher, J.C., Eren, A.M., Ponce-Terashima, R., Reis, M.G., Blanton, R.E., and McLellan, S.L. 2014. Blautia and Prevotella sequences distinguish human and animal fecal pollution in Brazil surface waters.Environ. Microbiol. Rep.6, 696–704.
Krause, D.O., Bunch, R.J., Smith, W.J.M., and McSweeney, C.S. 1999a. Diversity of Ruminococcus strains: a survey of genetic polymorphisms and plant digestibility.J. Appl. Microbiol.86, 487–495.
Krause, D.O., Dalrymple, B.P., Smith, W.J., Mackie, R.I., and Mc-Sweeney, C.S. 1999b. 16S rDNA sequencing ofRuminococcus albus andRuminococcus flavefaciens: Design of a signature probe and its application in adult sheep.Microbiology145, 1797–1807.
La Reau, A.J., Meier-Kolthoff, J.P., and Suen, G. 2016. Sequencebased analysis of the genusRuminococcus resolves its phylogeny and reveals strong host association.Microb. Genomics2, e000099.
Lamed, R., Naimark, J., Morgenstern, E., and Bayer, E. 1987. Specialized cell-surface structures in cellulolytic bacteria.J. Bacteriol.169, 3792–3800.
Lamed, R., Setter, E., and Bayer, E. 1983a. Characterization of a cellulose-binding, cellulose-containing complex inClostridium thermocellum.J. Bacteriol.156, 828–836.
Lamed, R., Setter, E., Kenig, R., and Bayer, E. 1983b. The cellulosome: A discrete cell surface organelle ofClostridium thermocellum which exhibits separate antigenic, cellulose-binding and various cellulolytic activities.Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp.13, 163–181.
Larsson, J.M.H., Karlsson, H., Crespo, J.G., Johansson, M.E.V., Eklund, L., Sjövall, H., and Hansson, G.C. 2011. Altered O-glycosylation profile of MUC2 mucin occurs in active ulcerative colitis and is associated with increased inflammation.Inflamm. Bowel Dis.17, 2299–2307.
Latham, M.J. and Wolin, M.J. 1977. Fermentation of cellulose byRuminococcus flavefaciens in the presence and absence ofMethanobacterium ruminantium.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.34, 297–301.
Lawson, P.A. and Finegold, S.M. 2014. Reclassification of Ruminococcus obeum as Blautia obeum comb.nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.65, 789–793.
Lay, C., Sutren, M., Rochet, V., Saunier, K., Doré, J., and Rigottier-Gois, L. 2005. Design and validation of 16S rRNA probes to enumerate members of theClostridium leptum subgroup in human faecal microbiota.Environ. Microbiol.7, 933–946.
Leschine, S.B. 1995. Cellulose degradation in anaerobic nvironments.Annu. Rev. Microbiol.49, 399–426.
Ley, R.E., Hamady, M., Lozupone, C., Turnbaugh, P.J., Ramey, R.R., Bircher, J.S., Schlegel, M.L., Tucker, T.A., Schrenzel, M.D., Knight, R.,et al. 2008a. Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes.Science320, 1647–1651.
Ley, R.E., Lozupone, C.A., Hamady, M., Knight, R., and Gordon, J.I. 2008b. Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota.Nat. Rev. Microbiol.6, 776–788.
Li, M., Wang, B., Zhang, M., Rantalainen, M., Wang, S., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Shen, J., Pang, X., Zhang, M.,et al. 2008. Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105, 2117–2122.
Liu, C., Finegold, S.M., Song, Y., and Lawson, P.A. 2008. Reclassification ofClostridium coccoides,Ruminococcus hansenii,Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus,Ruminococcus luti,Ruminococcus productus andRuminococcus schinkii asBlautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov.,Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydroge.Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.58, 1896–1902.
Lloyd-Price, J., Abu-Ali, G., and Huttenhower, C. 2016. The healthy human microbiome.Genome Med.8, 1–11.
Lombard, V., Golaconda-Ramulu, H., Drula, E., Coutinho, P., and Henrissat, B. 2014. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013.Nucleic Acids Res.42, D490–D495.
Lynd, L.R., Weimer, P.J., van Zyl, W.H., and Pretorius, I.S. 2002. Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology.Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.66, 506–577.
McDonald, J.A.K., Schroeter, K., Fuentes, S., Heikamp-deJong, I., Khursigara, C.M., de Vos, W.M., and Allen-Vercoe, E. 2013. Evaluation of microbial community reproducibility, stability and composition in a human distal gut chemostat model.J. Microbiol. Methods95, 167–174.
Moon, Y.H., Iakiviak, M., Bauer, S., Mackie, R.I., and Cann, I.K.O. 2011. Biochemical analyses of multiple endoxylanases from the rumen bacteriumRuminococcus albus 8 and their synergistic activities with accessory hemicellulose-degrading enzymes.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.77, 5157–5169.
Moore, W.E.C., Cato, E.P., and Holden, L.V. 1972.Ruminococcus bromii sp. n. and emendation of the description ofRuminococcus sijpestein.Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.22, 78–80.
Moore, W.E.C., Johnson, J.L., and Holdeman, L.V. 1976. Emendation of bacteroidaceae andButyrivibrio and descriptions ofDesulfomonas gen. nov. and ten new species in the generaDesulfomonas,Butyrivibrio,Eubacterium,Clostridium, andRuminococcus.Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.26, 238–252.
Moraïs, S., David, Y.B., Bensoussan, L., Duncan, S.H., Koropatkin, N.M., Martens, E.C., Flint, H.J., and Bayer, E.A. 2016. Enzymatic profiling of cellulosomal enzymes from the human gut bacterium,Ruminococcus champanellensis, reveals a fine-tuned system for cohesin-dockerin recognition.Environ. Microbiol.18, 542–556.
Mukhopadhya, I., Morais, S., Laverde-Gomez, J., Sheridan, P.O., Walker, A.W., Kelly, W., Klieve, A.V, Ouwerkerk, D., Duncan, S.H., Louis, P.,et al. 2017. Sporulation capability and amylosome conservation among diverse human colonic and rumen isolates of the keystone starch-degraderRuminococcus bromii.Environ. Microbiol.18, 5288–5302.
Ohara, H., Karita, S., Kimura, T., Sakka, K., and Ohmiya, K. 2000. Characterization of the cellulolytic complex (cellulosome) fromRuminococcus albus.Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.64, 254–260.
Pavlostathis, S.G., Miller, T.L., and Wolin, M.J. 1990. Cellulose fermentation by continuous cultures ofRuminococcus albus and Methanobrevibacter smithii.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.33, 109–116.
Pegden, R.S., Larson, M.A., Grant, R.J., and Morrison, M. 1998. Adherence of the gram-positive bacteriumRuminococcus albus to cellulose and identification of a novel form of cellulose-binding protein which belongs to the Pil family of proteins.J. Bacteriol.180, 5921–5927.
Qin, J., Li, R., Raes, J., Arumugam, M., Burgdorf, K.S., Manichanh, C., Nielsen, T., Pons, N., Levenez, F., Yamada, T.,et al. 2010. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing.Nature464, 59–65.
Rainey, F.A. 2009. Family VIII. Ruminococcaceae fam. nov., pp. 1016–1043. In De Vos, P., Garrity, G.M., Jones, D., Krieg, N.R., Ludwig, W., Rainey, F.A., Schleifer, K.H., and Whitman, W.B. (eds.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Springer Nature.
Rainey, F.A. and Janssen, P.H. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis by 16S ribosomal DNA sequence comparison reveals two unrelated groups of species within the genusRuminococcus.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.129, 69–73.
Round, J.L. and Mazmanian, S.K. 2009. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease.Nat. Rev. Immunol.9, 313–323.
Salonen, A., Lahti, L., Salojärvi, J., Holtrop, G., Korpela, K., Duncan, S.H., Date, P., Farquharson, F., Johnstone, A.M., Lobley, G.E.,et al. 2014. Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.ISME J.8, 2218–2230.
Shi, Y., Odt, C.L., and Weimer, P.J. 1997. Competition for cellulose among three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria under substrate-excess and substrate-limited conditions.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.63, 734–742.
Shi, Y. and Weimer, P.J. 1997. Competition for cellobiose among three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria under substrateexcess and substrate-limited conditions.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.63, 743–748.
Sijpesteijn, A.K. 1949. Cellulose-decomposing bacteria from the rumen of the cattle.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek15, 49–52.
Suen, G., Stevenson, D.M., Bruce, D.C., Chertkov, O., Copeland, A., Cheng, J.F., Detter, C., Detter, J.C., Goodwin, L.A., Han, C.S.,et al. 2011. Complete genome of the cellulolytic ruminal bacteriumRuminococcus albus 7.J. Bacteriol.193, 5574–5575.
Tailford, L.E., Owen, C.D., Walshaw, J., Crost, E.H., Hardy-Goddard, J., Le Gall, G., De Vos, W.M., Taylor, G.L., and Juge, N. 2015. Discovery of intramolecular trans-sialidases in human gut microbiota suggests novel mechanisms of mucosal adaptation.Nat. Commun.6, 7624.
Takahashi, K., Nishida, A., Fujimoto, T., Fujii, M., Shioya, M., Imaeda, H., Inatomi, M., Bamba, S., Andoh, A., and Sugimoto, M. 2016. Reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria species in the fecal microbial community in Crohn’s disease.Digestion93, 59–65.
Thurston, B., Dawson, K.A., and Strobel, H.J. 1994. Pentose utilization by the ruminal bacteriumRuminococcus albus.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.60, 1087–1092.
Titécat, M., Wallet, F., Vieillard, M.H., Courcol, R.J., and Loïez, C. 2014.Ruminococcus gnavus: An unusual pathogen in septic arthritis.Anaerobe30, 159–160.
Venturelli, O.S., Egbert, R.G., and Arkin, A.P. 2016. Towards engineering biological systems in a broader context.J. Mol. Biol.428, 928–944.
Vereecke, L. and Elewaut, D. 2017. Spondyloarthropathies: Ruminococcus on the horizon in arthritic disease.Nat. Rev. Rheumatol.13, 574–576.
Walker, A.W., Duncan, S.H., Harmsen, H.J.M., Holtrop, G., Welling, G.W., and Flint, H.J. 2008. The species composition of the human intestinal microbiota differs between particle-associated and liquid phase communities.Environ. Microbiol.10, 3275–3283.
Walker, A.W., Ince, J., Duncan, S.H., Webster, L.M., Holtrop, G., Ze, X., Brown, D., Stares, M.D., Scott, P., Bergerat, A.,et al. 2011. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota.ISME J.5, 220–230.
Wang, L., Christophersen, C.T., Sorich, M.J., Gerber, J.P., Angley, M.T., and Conlon, M.A. 2013. Increased abundance of Sutterella spp.and Ruminococcus torques in feces of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol. Autism4, 1.
Wegmann, U., Louis, P., Goesmann, A., Henrissat, B., Duncan, S.H., and Flint, H.J. 2013. Complete genome of a new Firmicutes species belonging to the dominant human colonic microbiota (‘Ruminococcus bicirculans’) reveals two chromosomes and a selective capacity to utilize plant glucans.Environ. Microbiol.16, 2879–2890.
Weimer, P.J. 1992. Cellulose degradation by ruminal microorganisms.Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.12, 189–223.
Weimer, P.J., Price, N.P.J., Kroukamp, O., Joubert, L.M., Wolfaardt, G.M., and Van Zyl, W.H. 2006. Studies of the extracellular glycocalyx of the anaerobic cellulolytic bacteriumRuminococcus albus 7.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.72, 7559–7566.
White, D. 2007. The physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y., USA.
Xu, Q., Morrison, M., Nelson, K.E., Bayer, E.A., Atamna, N., and Lamed, R. 2004. A novel family of carbohydrate-binding modules identified withRuminococcus albus proteins.FEBS Lett.566, 11–16.
Ze, X., David, B., Laverde-gomez, J.A., Dassa, B., Sheridan, P.O., Duncan, S.H., Louis, P., Henrissat, B., Juge, N., Koropatkin, N.M.,et al. 2015. Unique organization of extracellular amylases into amylosomes in the resistant starch-utilizing human colonic firmicutes bacteriumRuminococcus bromii.MBio6, 1–11.
Ze, X., Duncan, S.H., Louis, P., and Flint, H.J. 2012.Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon.ISME J.6, 1535–1543.
Zheng, M.M., Wang, R.F., Li, C.X., and Xu, J.H. 2015. Two-step enzymatic synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid with a new 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase fromRuminococcus torques.Process Biochem.50, 598–604.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
Alex J. La Reau & Garret Suen
- Alex J. La Reau
Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar
- Garret Suen
Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence toGarret Suen.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
La Reau, A.J., Suen, G. The Ruminococci: key symbionts of the gut ecosystem.J Microbiol.56, 199–208 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8024-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Keywords
Profiles
- Garret SuenView author profile