• Abdelkader MR, Al-Salaymeh A, Al-Hamamre Z, Sharaf F (2010) A comparative analysis of the performance of monocrystalline and multiycrystalline PV cells in semi arid climate conditions: the case of Jordan. Jordan J Mech Ind Eng 4(5)

• Alafita T, Pearce JM (2014) Securitization of residential solar photovoltaic assets: costs, risks and uncertainty. Energy Policy 67:488–498

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Alsema E, De Wild MJ (2005) Environmental impact of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module production. MRS Online Proc Libr OPL 895:0895-G03–05

• B & M Roofing of Colorado Inc (2023) Most common roof pitch | commercial & residential roofs | B&M roofing. In: BM Roof. Commer. Resid. Roof. Colo.https://bmroofing.com/common-roof-pitch/. Accessed 22 May 2023

• Bahaj AS (2003) Photovoltaic roofing: issues of design and integration into buildings. Renew Energy 28:2195–2204.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00104-6

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bradshaw AS, Baxter CDP, University of Rhode Island (2006) Design and construction of driven pile foundations--lessons learned on the Central Artery/Tunnel project

• Branker K, Pearce JM (2010) Financial return for government support of large-scale thin-film solar photovoltaic manufacturing in Canada. Energy Policy 38:4291–4303

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Branker K, Shackles E, Pearce JM (2011) Peer-to-peer financing mechanisms to accelerate renewable energy deployment. J Sustain Finance Invest 1:138–155

  Google Scholar 

• Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY (2004) Water footprints of nations. UNESCO IHE. Available:https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/Report16Vol1.pdf

• Chen W, Hong J, Yuan X, Liu J (2016) Environmental impact assessment of monocrystalline silicon solar photovoltaic cell production: a case study in China. J Clean Prod 112:1025–1032.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.024

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Dale M, Benson SM (2013) Energy balance of the global photovoltaic (PV) industry-is the PV industry a net electricity producer? Environ Sci Technol 47:3482–3489

  Article ADS CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

• de Costa CRS, Ferreira P (2023) A review on the internalization of externalities in electricity generation expansion planning. Energies 16:1840

  Article  Google Scholar 

• de Wild-Scholten M (2009) Energierücklaufzeiten für PV-module und systeme energy payback times of PV modules and systems. In: Workshop Photovoltaik-Modultechnik. p 27

• Desideri U, Zepparelli F, Morettini V, Garroni E (2013) Comparative analysis of concentrating solar power and photovoltaic technologies: technical and environmental evaluations. Appl Energy 102:765–784

  Article ADS  Google Scholar 

• Dudley D (2020) Renewable energy will be consistently cheaper than fossil fuels by 2020, report claims. Forbes.https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/01/13/renewable-energy-cost-effective-fossil-fuels-2020/. Accessed 16 May 2023

• EIA U (2020) Frequently asked questions (FAQs)-How much electricity does an American home use? US Energy Information Administration (EIA).https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=97&t=3

• Feldman D, Ramasamy V, Fu R et al (2021) U.S. solar photovoltaic system and energy storage cost benchmark (Q1 2020).https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/80694.pdf

• Fthenakis V, Alsema E (2006) Photovoltaics energy payback times, greenhouse gas emissions and external costs: 2004–early 2005 status. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 14:275–280

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Fthenakis VM, Kim HC, Alsema E (2008) Emissions from photovoltaic life cycles. Environ Sci Technol 42:2168–2174

  Article ADS CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Fthenakis V, Kim H, Frischknecht R et al (2011) Life cycle inventories and life cycle assessment of photovoltaic systems. Int Energy Agency IEA PVPS Task 12

• Fthenakis V, Betita R, Shields M et al (2012) Life cycle analysis of high-performance monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic systems: energy payback times and net energy production value. In: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition. Citeseer, pp 4667–4672

• Gerbinet S, Belboom S, Léonard A (2014) Life cycle analysis (LCA) of photovoltaic panels: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38:747–753.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.043

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Groesbeck JG, Pearce JM (2018) Coal with carbon capture and sequestration is not as land use efficient as solar photovoltaic technology for climate neutral electricity production. Sci Rep 8:13476.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31505-3

  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Haites E (2018) Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned? Clim Policy 18:955–966

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hayibo KS, Pearce JM (2021) A review of the value of solar methodology with a case study of the US VOS. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 137:110599

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hayibo KS, Mayville P, Pearce JM (2022) The greenest solar power? Life cycle assessment of foam-based flexible floatovoltaics. Sustain Energy Fuels 6:1398–1413

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Heidari N, Gwamuri J, Townsend T, Pearce JM (2015) Impact of snow and ground interference on photovoltaic electric system performance. IEEE J Photovolt 5:1680–1685.https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2466448

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Higgins A, Foliente G, McNamara C (2011) Modelling intervention options to reduce GHG emissions in housing stock—a diffusion approach. Technol Forecast Soc Change 78:621–634

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hoekstra AY (2003) Virtual water trade: proceedings of the international expert meeting on virtual water trade, Delft, The Netherlands, 12–13 December 2002, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12. UNESCO-IHE, Delft, The Netherlands

• Hoekstra AY (2016) A critique on the water-scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA. Ecol Indic 66:564–573.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.026

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK, Aldaya MM, Mekonnen MM (2009) Water footprint manual: state of the art 2009. Water Footpr Netw Enschede Neth 255

• Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK, Aldaya MM, Mekonnen MM (2011) The water footprint assessment manual: setting the global standard. Routledge

  Google Scholar 

• Hoekstra AY, Mekonnen MM, Chapagain AK et al (2012) Global monthly water scarcity: blue water footprints versus blue water availability. PLoS ONE 7:e32688.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688

  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Hou G, Sun H, Jiang Z et al (2016) Life cycle assessment of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation from crystalline silicon solar modules in China. Appl Energy 164:882–890.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.023

  Article ADS CAS  Google Scholar 

• Hughes JE, Podolefsky M (2015) Getting green with solar subsidies: evidence from the California solar initiative. J Assoc Environ Resour Econ 2:235–275

  Google Scholar 

• Hyundai (2023) Hyundai RG Black Series HiD-S305RG(BK) | EnergySage. In: Energy Sage.https://www.energysage.com/solar-panels/hyundai/1680/his-s305rgbk/. Accessed 25 May 2023

• ISO (2006) ISO 14044: 2006. Environmental management—life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization

• Ito M, Kato K, Komoto K et al (2003) An analysis of variation of very large-scale PV (VLS-PV) systems in the world deserts. In: 3rd World Conference onPhotovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003. Proceedings of. IEEE, pp 2809–2814

• Jefferies D, Muñoz I, Hodges J et al (2012) Water footprint and life cycle assessment as approaches to assess potential impacts of products on water consumption. Key learning points from pilot studies on tea and margarine. J Clean Prod 33:155–166

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Jungbluth N, Dones R, Frischknecht R (2007) Life cycle assessment of photovoltaics; update of the ecoinvent database. MRS Online Proc Libr OPL 1041:1041-R01-03

• Kannan R, Leong KC, Osman R et al (2006) Life cycle assessment study of solar PV systems: an example of a 2.7kWp distributed solar PV system in Singapore. Sol Energy 80:555–563.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.04.008

  Article ADS CAS  Google Scholar 

• Kato K, Murata A, Sakuta K (1998) Energy pay-back time and life-cycle CO2 emission of residential PV power system with silicon PV module. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 6:105–115

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Kendall A (2012) Time-adjusted global warming potentials for LCA and carbon footprints. Int J Life Cycle Assess 17:1042–1049.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0436-5

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Kenny R, Law C, Pearce JM (2010) Towards real energy economics: energy policy driven by life-cycle carbon emission. Energy Policy 38:1969–1978

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kim B, Lee J, Kim K, Hur T (2014) Evaluation of the environmental performance of sc-Si and mc-Si PV systems in Korea. Sol Energy 99:100–114.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2013.10.038

  Article ADS CAS  Google Scholar 

• Kreith F, Norton P, Brown D (1990) A comparison of CO2 emissions from fossil and solar power plants in the United States. Energy 15:1181–1198

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Ludin NA, Mustafa NI, Hanafiah MM et al (2018) Prospects of life cycle assessment of renewable energy from solar photovoltaic technologies: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 96:11–28.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.048

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lutenegger AJ (2016) Foundation alternatives for ground mount solar panel installations, pp 1873–1885.https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479742.160

• Lynch J, Cain M, Pierrehumbert R, Allen M (2020) Demonstrating GWP*: a means of reporting warming-equivalent emissions that captures the contrasting impacts of short- and long-lived climate pollutants. Environ Res Lett 15:044023.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6d7e

  Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Mabee WE, Mannion J, Carpenter T (2012) Comparing the feed-in tariff incentives for renewable electricity in Ontario and Germany. Energy Policy 40:480–489

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Macintosh A, Wilkinson D (2011) Searching for public benefits in solar subsidies: a case study on the Australian government’s residential photovoltaic rebate program. Energy Policy 39:3199–3209

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mason JE, Fthenakis VM, Hansen T, Kim HC (2006) Energy payback and life-cycle CO2 emissions of the BOS in an optimized 3·5 MW PV installation. Prog Photovolt Res Appl 14:179–190.https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.652

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Mathur J, Bansal NK, Wagner H-J (2002) Energy and environmental correlation for renewable energy systems in India. Energy Sources 24:19–26

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Matisoff DC, Johnson EP (2017) The comparative effectiveness of residential solar incentives. Energy Policy 108:44–54

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Metcalf GE (2009) Designing a carbon tax to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions. Rev Environ Econ Policy. NBER Working Paper Series.https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w14375/w14375.pdf

• Möhner A (2018) The evolution of adaptation metrics under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement. Adapt Metr Perspect Meas Aggregating Comp Adapt Results 15

• Moore L, Post H, Hansen T, Mysak T (2006) Five years of operating experience at the Springerville PV generating plant. Sandia Natl Lab

• Moore L, Post H, Mysak T (2008) Photovoltaic power plant experience at tucson electric power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection, IMECE2005-82328, pp 387–394.https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2005-82328

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2023) The role of net metering in the evolving electricity system. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C

  Google Scholar 

• NREL (2023) Home - System Advisor Model - SAM.https://sam.nrel.gov/

• Olsen DJ, Dvorkin Y, Fernandez-Blanco R, Ortega-Vazquez MA (2018) Optimal carbon taxes for emissions targets in the electricity sector. IEEE Trans Power Syst 33:5892–5901

  Article ADS  Google Scholar 

• openLCA (2022) Download |openLCA.org

• Pearce JM (2002) Photovoltaics—a path to sustainable futures. Futures 34:663–674

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Pearce JM (2017) Limitations of greenhouse gas mitigation technologies set by rapid growth and energy cannibalism. Klima

• Pearce J, Lau A (2009) Net energy analysis for sustainable energy production from silicon based solar cells. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection, pp 181–186

• Prehoda E, Pearce JM, Schelly C (2019) Policies to overcome barriers for renewable energy distributed generation: a case study of utility structure and regulatory regimes in Michigan. Energies 12:674.https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040674

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ramasamy V, Feldman D, Desai J, Margolis R (2021) US solar photovoltaic system and energy storage cost benchmarks: Q1 2021. National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

• Ray M, Kabir MF, Raihan M et al (2023) Performance evaluation of monocrystalline and polycrystalline-based solar cell. Int J Energy Environ Eng 1–12

• Röhrlich M, Mistry M, Martens PN et al (2000) A method to calculate the cumulative energy demand (CED) of lignite extraction. Int J Life Cycle Assess 5:369–373

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rowe RD, Lang CM, Chestnut LG (1996) Critical factors in computing externalities for electricity resources. Resour Energy Econ 18:363–394.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(97)84219-4

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Schaefer H, Hagedorn G (1992) Hidden energy and correlated environmental characteristics of PV power generation. Renew Energy 2(2):159–166.https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(92)90101-8

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Schelly C, Louie EP, Pearce JM (2017) Examining interconnection and net metering policy for distributed generation in the United States. Renew Energy Focus 22–23:10–19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2017.09.002

  Article  Google Scholar 

• SEIA (2023) Solar Investment Tax Credit (ITC) | SEIA. In: Sol. Energy Ind. Assoc.https://www.seia.org/initiatives/solar-investment-tax-credit-itc. Accessed 10 Jun 2023

• Sendy A (2023) 60 vs. 72-cell solar panels: which is best for your home? In: Sol. Rev.https://www.solarreviews.com/content/blog/60-vs-72-cell-solar-panels. Accessed 26 May 2023

• Sengupta M, Xie Y, Lopez A et al (2018) The national solar radiation data base (NSRDB). Renew Sustain Energy Rev 89:51–60

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sherwani AF, Usmani JA, Varun (2010) Life cycle assessment of solar PV based electricity generation systems: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:540–544.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.08.003

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Solar Energy Industries Association (2020) Solar industry research data | SEIA.https://www.seia.org/solar-industry-research-data. Accessed 16 May 2023

• SunPower (2023a) Technical report of SunPower SPR-308E-WHT-D

• SunPower (2023b) SunPower W Residential A-Series SPR-A400 | EnergySage.https://www.energysage.com/solar-panels/sunpower/2516/SPR-A400/. Accessed 25 May 2023

• Tyagi VV, Rahim NA, Rahim NA et al (2013) Progress in solar PV technology: research and achievement. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 20:443–461

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (2009a) Household energy use in Arizona: a closer look at residential energy consumption.https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/az.pdf

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (2009b) Household energy use in California: a closer look at residential energy consumption.https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/ca.pdf

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (2009c) Household energy use in Florida: a closer look at residential energy consumption.https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/FL.pdf

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (2009d) Household energy use in Michigan: a closer look at residential energy consumption.https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/mi.pdf

• Varawala L, Hesamzadeh MR, Dán G et al (2023) A pricing mechanism to jointly mitigate market power and environmental externalities in electricity markets. Energy Econ 121:106646.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106646

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wiedmann T, Minx J (2008) A definition of ‘carbon footprint.’ Ecol Econ Res Trends 1:1–11

  Google Scholar 

• Wiginton LK, Nguyen HT, Pearce JM (2010) Quantifying rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for regional renewable energy policy. Comput Environ Urban Syst 34:345–357

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wilson R, Young A (1996) The embodied energy payback period of photovoltaic installations applied to buildings in the UK. Build Environ 31:299–305

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wu P, Ma X, Ji J, Ma Y (2017) Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback of solar photovoltaic systems and a case study. Energy Procedia 105:68–74.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.281

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Xantrex (2023) Xantrex GT 5.0 - 5000 Watt 208/240 Volt Grid Tie Inverter - 864–1009. In: EcoDirect.https://www.ecodirect.com/product-p/xantrex-gt-5-0.htm. Accessed 15 May 2023

• Xu T, Ma J (2021) Feed-in tariff or tax-rebate regulation? Dynamic decision model for the solar photovoltaic supply chain. Appl Math Model 89:1106–1123.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.007

  Article MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

• Zhang S (2016) Innovative business models and financing mechanisms for distributed solar PV (DSPV) deployment in China. Energy Policy 95:458–467.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.022

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zhao J, Wang A, Green MA, Ferrazza F (1998) 19.8% efficient “honeycomb” textured multicrystalline and 24.4% monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 73:1991–1993

  Article ADS CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references