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Abstract
Trans people are targeted with widespread prejudice and discrimination in the United States. In order to better understand this hostility, we examined how different gender beliefs (gender traditionalism, gender self-esteem, feminist attitudes, and feminist identity) are associated with cisgender heterosexual individuals’ trans prejudice. We found that cisgender heterosexual men reported more trans prejudice, more gender traditionalism, less feminist attitudes, and a weaker feminist identity than cisgender heterosexual women. Participants who reported less traditional gender beliefs and more feminist attitudes reported less trans prejudice. Although feminist identity was not associated with trans prejudice for cisgender heterosexual women, cisgender heterosexual men who more strongly identified as feminists reported less trans prejudice. These findings underline the complexity and multiplicity of gender beliefs and their distinct associations with trans prejudice. Our results also have implications for clinicians and feminist activists, calling on them to critically examine their own gender beliefs and to advocate for the inclusion of trans people within their respective contexts, as well as trans rights more broadly.
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Acknowledgements
These data are based on the first author’s Master’s thesis. Portions of these results were presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, Illinois on April 30-May 2, 2015 and at the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Minneapolis, MN on June 24-26, 2016. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
We thank Isis Settles and Robin Edelstein for their thoughtful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.
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Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
Sheila T. Brassel
Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
Veanne N. Anderson
- Sheila T. Brassel
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Correspondence toSheila T. Brassel.
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Brassel, S.T., Anderson, V.N. Who Thinks Outside the Gender Box? Feminism, Gender Self-Esteem, and Attitudes toward Trans People.Sex Roles82, 447–462 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01066-4
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