2389Accesses
14Altmetric
1Mention
Abstract
Gene flow among small fragmented populations is critical for maintaining genetic diversity, and therefore the evolutionary potential of a species. Concern for two New Zealand endemic subspecies, the Hector’s (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) and Maui’s (C. h. maui) dolphins, arises from their low abundance, slow rate of reproduction, and susceptibility to fisheries-related mortality. Our work examined genetic differentiation and migration between the subspecies and among regional and local Hector’s dolphin populations using mitochondrial (mt) DNA and microsatellite genotypes from 438 samples. Results confirmed earlier reports of a single unique mtDNA control region haplotype fixed in the Maui’s dolphin, and provided new evidence of reproductive isolation from Hector’s dolphins (9-locus microsatelliteFST = 0.167,P < 0.001). Independent evolutionary trajectories were also supported for Hector’s dolphin populations of the East Coast, West Coast, Te Waewae Bay and Toetoe Bay. Low asymmetrical migration rates were found among several Hector’s dolphin populations and assignment tests identified five Hector’s dolphins likely to have a migrant father from another regional population. There appears to be sufficient step-wise gene flow to maintain genetic diversity within the East and West Coasts; however, the two local South Coast populations exhibited a high degree of differentiation given their close proximity (~100 km). To maintain the evolutionary potential and long-term survival of both subspecies, genetic monitoring and conservation management must focus on maintaining corridors to preserve gene flow and prevent further population fragmentation and loss of genetic diversity, in addition to maintaining local population abundances.
This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.
Access this article
Subscribe and save
- Get 10 units per month
- Download Article/Chapter or eBook
- 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
- Cancel anytime
Buy Now
Price includes VAT (Japan)
Instant access to the full article PDF.





Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamec V, Cassell BG, Smith EP, Pearson RE (2006) Effects of inbreeding in the dam on dystocia and stillbirths in US holsteins. J Dairy Sci 89:307–314
Baird SJ, Bradford E (2000) Estimation of Hector’s dolphin bycatch from inshore fisheries, 1997/98 fishing year. Published Client Report on Contract 3024, Department of Conservation, Wellington
Baker CS, Hamner RM, Cooke J, Heimeier D, Vant M, Steel D, Constantine R (In review) Abundance and probable decline of the Maui’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) estimated from capture–recapture of microsatellite genotypes, 2001–2006
Baker CS, Slade RW, Bannister JL, Abernethy RB, Weinrich MT, Lien J, Urban RJ, Corkeron P, Calambokidis J, Vasquez O, Palumbi SR (1994) Hierarchical structure of mitochondrial DNA gene flow among humpback whales,Megaptera novaeangliae, world-wide. Mol Ecol 3:313–327
Baker AN, Smith ANH, Pichler FB (2002) Geographical variation in Hector’s dolphin: recognition of new subspecies ofCephalorhynchus hectori. J R Soc NZ 32:713–727
Bérubé M, Jørgensen H, McEwing R, Palsbøll PJ (2000) Polymorphic di-nucleotide microsatellite loci isolated from the humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae. Mol Ecol 9:2181–2183
Blezard RH (2002) Observations of set-net and inshore trawl fishing operations in the South Canterbury Bight, 2001. DOC Sci Intern Ser 85, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 19 p
Bonin A, Bellemain E, Bronken Eidesen P, Pompanon F, Brochmann C, Taberlet P (2004) How to track and assess genotyping errors in population genetics studies. Mol Ecol 13:3261–3273
Bräger S, Dawson SM, Slooten E, Smith S, Stone GS, Yoshinaga A (2002) Site fidelity and along-shore range in Hector’s dolphin, an endangered marine dolphin from New Zealand. Biol Conserv 108:281–287
Bräger S, Harraway JA, Manly BFJ (2003) Habitat selection in a coastal dolphin species (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Mar Biol 143:233–244
Brodie JW (1960) Coastal surface currents around New Zealand. NZ J Geol Geophys 3:235–252
Buchanan FC, Friesen MK, Littlejohn RP, Clayton JW (1996) Microsatellites from the beluga whaleDelphinapterus leucas. Mol Ecol 5:571–575
Caldwell M, Gaines MS, Hughes CR (2002) Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for bottlenose dolphin and other cetacean species. Mol Ecol Notes 2:393–395
Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol Ecol 9:1657–1659
Dalebout ML, Robertson KM, Frantzis A, Engelhaupt D, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Rosario-Delestre RJ, Baker CS (2005) Worldwide structure of mtDNA diversity among Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris): implications for threatened populations. Mol Ecol 14:3353–3371
Dawson SM (1991) Incidental catch of Hector’s dolphin in inshore gillnets. Marine Mammal Sci 7:283–295
Dawson SM, Slooten E (1988) Hector’s dolphin,Cephalorhynchus hectori: distribution and abundance. In: Brownell RL Jr, Donovan GP (eds) Biology of the genusCephalorhynchus. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, special issue 9. International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, pp 315–324
Dawson SM, Slooten E (2005) Management of gillnet bycatch of cetaceans in New Zealand. J Cetacean Res Manag 7:59–64
Dawson S, Slooten E, DuFresne S, Wade P, Clement D (2004) Small-boat surveys for coastal dolphins: line-transect surveys for Hector’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori). Fish Bull 201:441–451
Elwen S, Meyer MA, Best PB, Kotze PGH, Thornton M, Swanson S (2006) Range and movements of female Heaviside’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii), as determined by satellite-linked telemetry. J Mammal 87:866–877
Excoffier L (2006) ARLEQUIN ver 3.1: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis.http://cmpg.unibe.ch/software/arlequin3
Fairfax D (2002) Observations of inshore trawl fishing operations in Pegasus Bay and the Canterbury Bight, 2002. DOC Sci Intern Ser 86, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 11 p
Frankham R (1995) Conservation genetics. Annu Rev Genet 29:305–327
Frankham R (1997) Do island populations have less genetic variation than mainland populations? Heredity 78:311–327
Frankham R (1998) Inbreeding and extinction: island populations. Conserv Biol 12:665–675
Gilson A, Syvanen M, Levine K, Banks J (1998) Deer gender determination by polymerase chain reaction: validation study and application to tissues, bloodstains, and hair forensic samples from California. Calif Fish Game 84:159–169
Goudet J (2001) FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3). Available fromhttp://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html
Goudet J, Perrin N, Waser P (2002) Tests for sex-biased dispersal using bi-parentally inherited genetic markers. Mol Ecol 11:1103–1114
Harlin AD, Wursig B, Baker CS, Markowitz TM (1999) Skin swabbing for genetic analysis: application to dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). Marine Mammal Sci 15:409–425
Heinrich S (2006) Ecology of Chilean dolphins and Peale’s dolphins at Isla Chiloé, southern Chile. Ph.D. Thesis, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews
Hoelzel AR, Dahlheim M, Stern SJ (1998a) Low genetic variation among killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the eastern North Pacific and genetic differentiation between foraging specialists. J Hered 89:121–128
Hoelzel AR, Potter CW, Best PB (1998b) Genetic differentiation between parapatric ‘nearshore’ and ‘offshore’ populations of the bottlenose dolphin. Proc R Soc Lond B 265:1177–1183
Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Mol Ecol 16:1099–1106
Krützen M, Valsecchi E, Connor RC, Sherwin WB (2001) Characterization of microsatellite loci inTursiops aduncus. Mol Ecol Notes 1:170–172
Krützen M, Barre LM, Moller LM, Heithaus MR, Simms C, Sherwin WB (2002) A biopsy system for small cetaceans: darting success and wound healing inTursiops spp. Marine Mammal Sci 18:863–878
Lewis KB, Carter L, Davey FJ (1994) The opening of Cook Strait: interglacial tidal scour and aligning basins at a subduction to transform plate edge. Mar Geol 116:293–312
New Zealand Department of Conservation (2011) Hector’s dolphin incident database.http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/marine-mammals/dolphins/hectors-dolphin/docs-work/hectors-dolphin-incident-database/
New Zealand Department of Conservation, Ministry of Fisheries (2007) Hector's and Maui's dolphin threat management plan draft for public consultation. 5 March 2009.http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/2088EFD2008C-E2207-4798-9315-C2000AF2002FC2006FFB2002/2000/DRAFTTMPFINAL.pdf
Oremus M, Poole MM, Steel D, Baker CS (2007) Isolation and interchange among insular spinner dolphin communities in the South Pacific revealed by individual identification and genetic diversity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 336:275–289
Paetkau D, Slade R, Burden M, Estoup A (2004) Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power. Mol Ecol 13:55–65
Peakall R, Smouse PE (2006) GenAlEx 6: genetic analysis in excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6:288–295
Pichler FB (2001) Population structure and genetic variation in Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori). PhD Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland
Pichler FB (2002) Genetic assessment of population boundaries and gene exchange in Hector’s dolphin. DOC Sci Intern Ser 44, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 37 p
Pichler FB, Baker CS (2000) Loss of genetic diversity in the endemic Hector’s dolphin due to fisheries-related mortality. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:97–102
Pichler FB, Dawson SM, Slooten E, Baker CS (1998) Geographic isolation of Hector’s dolphin populations described by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Conserv Biol 12:676–682
Piry S, Alapetite A, Cornuet JM, Paetkau D, Baudouin L, Estoup A (2004) GENECLASS2: a software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection. J Hered 95:536–539
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959
Pritchard JK, Wen X, Falush D (2007) Documentation for structure software: version 2.2. Available fromhttp://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/software
Rannala B (2011) BayesAss edition 3.0 user’s manual. Downloaded fromhttp://www.rannala.org/?page_id=245. Accessed 5 Jan 2012
Rannala B, Mountain JL (1997) Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94:9197–9201
Rayment W, Dawson S, Slooten L, Childerhouse S (2006) Offshore distribution of Hector’s dolphin at Banks Peninsula. DOC Res Dev Ser 232, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 23 p
Rayment W, Dawson S, Slooten E, Braeger S, Fresne SD, Webster T (2009) Kernel density estimates of alongshore home range of Hector’s dolphins at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Sci 25:537–556
Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) GENEPOP. Available athttp://genepop.curtin.edu.au/
Read AJ, Westgate AJ (1997) Monitoring the movements of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) with satellite telemetry. Mar Biol 130:315–322
Reeves RR, Perrin WF, Taylor BL, Baker CS, Mesnick SL (2004) Report of the workshop on shortcomings of cetacean taxonomy in relation to needs of conservation and management. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-NMFS-SWFSC-363, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla
Reeves RR, Dawson SM, Jefferson TA, Karczmarski L, Laidre K, O’Corry-Crowe G, Rojas-Bracho L, Secchi ER, Slooten E, Smith BD, Wang JY, Zhou K (2008)Cephalorhynchus hectori maui. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1.http://www.iucnredlist.org
Reid PRJ (2002) Report on an inshore fishery observer programme in Pegasus Bay and Canterbury Bight, 1999/2000. Unpublished report. Fisheries Audit Services (NZ), Nelson
Rosel PE, France SC, Wang JY, Kocher TD (1999) Genetic structure of harbour porpoisePhocoena phocoena populations in the northwest Atlantic based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Mol Ecol 8:S41–S54
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York
Schlotterer C, Amos B, Tautz D (1991) Conservation of polymorphic simple sequence loci in cetacean species. Nature 354:63–65
Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Waples RS (2007) Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management. Trends Ecol Evol 22:25–33
Slooten E (2007) Conservation management in the face of uncertainty: effectiveness of four options for managing Hector’s dolphin bycatch. Endanger Species Res 3:169–179
Slooten E, Dawson SM (1988) Studies on Hector’s dolphin,Cephalorhynchus hectori: a progress report. In: Brownell RL Jr, Donovan GP (eds) Reports of the International Whaling Commission, special issue 9. International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, pp 325–338
Slooten E, Lad F (1991) Population biology and conservation of Hector’s dolphin. Can J Zool 69:1701–1707
Slooten E, Dawson SM, Rayment WJ (2004) Aerial surveys for coastal dolphins: abundance of Hector’s dolphins off the South Island west coast, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Sci 20:477–490
Stone G, Hutt A, P Duignan, Teilmann J, Cooper R, Geschke K, Yoshinaga A, Russell K, Baker A, Suisted R, Baker S, Brown J, Jones G, Higgins D (2005) Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) satellite tagging, health and genetic assessment project. Unpublished report submitted to the New Zealand Department of Conservation. Auckland Conservancy, Auckland
Strom Holst B, Frossling J (2009) The Swedish breeding cat: population description, infectious diseases and reproductive performance evaluated by a questionnaire. J Feline Med Surg 11:793–802
Trewick SA, Bland KJ (2011) Fire and slice: palaeogeography for biogeography at New Zealand’s North Island/South Island juncture. J R Soc NZ, iFirst. doi:10.1080/03036758.2010.549493
Valsecchi E, Amos W (1996) Microsatellite markers for the study of cetacean populations. Mol Ecol 5:151–156
Van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson WF, Wills DPM, Shipley P (2004) Micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Mol Ecol Notes 4:535–538
Wallis GP, Trewick SA (2009) New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent. Mol Ecol 18:3548–3580
Wells RS, Hansen LJ, Baldridge A, Dohl TP, Kelly DL, Defran RH (1990) Northward extension of the range of bottlenose dolphins along the California coast. In: Leatherwood S, Reeves RR (eds) The bottlenose dolphin. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 421–431
Wilson GA, Rannala B (2003) Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. Genetics 163:1177–1191
Acknowledgments
This work was made possible by access to the University of Auckland Cetacean Tissue Archive, maintained and curated by CSB and RC. Biopsy samples were collected under permit to CSB from the New Zealand Department of Conservation and animal ethics protocols AEC/02/2002/R9 and AEC/02/2005/R334 from the University of Auckland. We thank everyone involved in biopsy sampling and the collection of samples from beachcast specimens, including Ros Cole, Padraig Duignan, Al Hutt, Don Neale, Wendi Roe, Kirsty Russell, Greg Stone and the numerous field staff of the New Zealand Department of Conservation. We are grateful for assistance and discussions from Murdoch Vant, Alana Alexander, Shane Lavery, Marc Oremus and Debbie Steel. Funding for this work was provided by grants or contracts to CSB from the New Zealand Department of Conservation, the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission and the Marsden Fund, and support to RC from the Performance Based Research Fund of the University of Auckland. RMH was supported in part by a Fulbright US Graduate Fellowship to New Zealand. Publication of this paper was supported, in part, by the Thomas G. Scott Publication Fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Marine Mammal Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
Rebecca M. Hamner & C. Scott Baker
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Rebecca M. Hamner, Franz B. Pichler, Dorothea Heimeier, Rochelle Constantine & C. Scott Baker
- Rebecca M. Hamner
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Franz B. Pichler
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Dorothea Heimeier
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- Rochelle Constantine
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
- C. Scott Baker
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence toRebecca M. Hamner.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hamner, R.M., Pichler, F.B., Heimeier, D.et al. Genetic differentiation and limited gene flow among fragmented populations of New Zealand endemic Hector’s and Maui’s dolphins.Conserv Genet13, 987–1002 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-012-0347-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative