• Abi-Samra K, Hanson R, Madou M, Gorkin RA III (2011) Infrared controlled waxes for liquid handling and storage on a CD-microfluidic platform. Lab Chip 11(4):723–726

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Al-Faqheri W, Ibrahim F, Thio THG, Moebius J, Joseph K, Arof H, Madou M (2013) Vacuum/compression valving (VCV) using paraffin wax on a centrifugal microfluidic CD platform. PLoS ONE 8(3):e58523

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Baek SK, Yoon YK, Jeon HS, Seo S, Park JH (2013) A wireless sequentially actuated microvalve system. J Micromech Microeng 23:045006

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bodén R (2008) Microactuators for powerful pumps. Dissertation, Uppsala University urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9402

• Bodén R, Lehto M, Simu U, Thornell G, Hjort K, Schweitz J-Å (2005) A polymeric paraffin micropump with active valves for high-pressure microfluidics. In: Proceedings of Transducers’05, pp 201–204

• Bodén R, Lehto M, Schweitz J-Å (2006a) A paraffin driven linear microactuator for high force and large displacement applications. In: Proceedings of actuator, 10th international conference on new actuators, pp 720–723

• Bodén R, Lehto M, Simu U, Thornell G, Hjort K, Schweitz J-Å (2006b) A polymeric paraffin actuated high pressure micropump. Sens Actuators A Phys 127(1):88–93

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bodén R, Hjort K, Schweitz J-Å, Simu U (2008a) A metallic micropump for high-pressure microfluidics. J Micromech Microeng 18(11):115009

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bodén R, Lehto M, Margell J, Hjort K, Schweitz J-Å (2008b) On-chip liquid storage and dispensing for lab-on-a-chip applications. J Micromech Microeng 18(7):075036

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bodén R, Ogden S, Hjort K (2013) Microdispenser with continuous flow and selectable target volume for microfluidic high-pressure applications. J Microelectromech Syst. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2013.2279976

  Google Scholar 

• Boustheen A, Homburg FGA, Somhorst MGAM, Dietzel A (2011) A layered polymeric μ-valve suitable for lab-on-foil: design, fabrication, and characterization. Microfluid Nanofluid 11(6):663–673

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Boustheen A, Homburg FGA, Dietzel A (2012) A modular microvalve suitable for lab on a foil: manufacturing and assembly concepts. Microelectron Eng 98:638–641

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Carlén ET, Mastrangelo CH (1999) Simple, high actuation power, thermally activated paraffin actuator. In: Proceedings of Transducers’99 conference, pp 1364–1367

• Carlén ET, Mastrangelo CH (2002a) Electrothermally activated paraffin microactuators. J Microelectromech Syst 11(3):165–174

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Carlén ET, Mastrangelo CH (2002b) Surface micromachined paraffin actuated microvalve. J Microelectromech Syst 11(5):408–420

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Charlesby A (1954) The crosslinking and degradation of paraffin chains by high-energy radiation. Proc R Soc Lond A 222(1148):60–74

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Choi J-Y, Ruan J, Coccetti F, Lucyszyn S (2009) Three-dimensional RF MEMS switch for power applications. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 56(4):1031–1039

  Article  Google Scholar 

• De Volder M, Reynaerts D (2010) Pneumatic and hydraulic microactuators: a review. J Micromech Microeng 20(4):043001

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dubois P, Vela E, Koster S, Briand D, Shea HR, de Rooij N-F (2006) Paraffin-PDMS composite thermo microactuator with large vertical displacement capability. In: Proceedings of actuator, 10th international conference on new actuators, pp 215–218

• Feng G-H, Chou Y-C (2011) Fabrication and characterization of thermally driven fast turn-on microvalve with adjustable backpressure design. Microelectron Eng 88(2):187–194

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Freund M, Csikos R, Keszthelyi S, Mozes GY (1982) Paraffin products properties, technologies, applications. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. ISBN:0-444-99712-1

• Gilbertson RG, Busch JD (1996) A survey of micro-actuator technologies for future spacecraft missions. J Br Interplanet Soc 49:129–138

  Google Scholar 

• Goldschmidtboing F, Katus P, Geipel A and Woias P (2008) A novel self-heating paraffin membrane micro-actuator. In: Proceedings of MEMS, pp 531–534

• Gowreesunker BL, Tassou SA, Kolokotroni M (2012) Improved simulation of phase change processes in applications where conduction is the dominant heat transfer mode. Energy Build 47:353–359

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Grönland T-A, Rangsten P, Nese M, Lang M (2007) Miniaturization of components and systems for space using MEMS-technology. Acta Astronaut 61(1–6):228–233

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Iverson BD, Garimella SV (2008) Recent advances in microscale pumping technologies: a review and evaluation. Microfluid Nanofluid 5(2):145–174

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Jaw KS, Hsu CK, Lee JS (2001) The thermal decomposition behaviors of stearic acid, paraffin wax and polyvinyl butyral. Thermochim Acta 367–368:165–168

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Jonsson J, Ogden S, Johansson L, Hjort K, Thornell G (2012) Acoustically enriching, large-depth aquatic sampler. Lab Chip 12(9):1619–1628

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kabei N, Kosuda M, Kagamibuchi H, Tashiro R, Mizuno H, Ueda Y, Tsuchiya K (1997) A thermal-expansion-type microactuator with paraffin as the expansive material. JSME Int J C 40(4):736–742

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Klintberg L, Thornell G (2002) A thermal microactuator made by partial impregnation of polyimide with paraffin. J Micromech Microeng 12(6):849–854

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Klintberg L, Karlsson M, Stenmark L, Schweitz J-Å, Thornell G (2002) A large stroke, high force paraffin phase transition actuator. Sens Actuators A Phys 96(2–3):189–195

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Klintberg L, Karlsson M, Stenmark L, Thornell G (2003a) A thermally activated paraffin-based actuator for gas-flow control in a satellite electrical propulsion system. Sens Actuators A Phys 105(3):237–246

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Klintberg L, Svedberg M, Nikolajeff F, Thornell G (2003b) Fabrication of a paraffin actuator using hot embossing of polycarbonate. Sens Actuators A Phys 103(3):307–316

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kobayashi T, Matsuoka S, Ueno A, Maeda R (2004) An easy fabrication technique for micro paraffin actuator and application to microvalve. In: Electrochemical Society proceedings, vol 2004-09, pp 330–335

• Kong Q, Ma J, Che C (2009) Theoretical and experimental study of volumetric change rate during phase change process. Int J Energy Res 33(5):513–525

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kratz H, Eriksson A, Karlsson M, Köhler J, Thornell G (2007) Analysis of thermal transients in an asymmetric silicon-based heat dissipation stage. IEEE Trans Compon Packag Technol 30(3):444–456

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Krulevitch P, Lee AP, Ramsey PB, Trevino JC, Hamilton J, Northrup MA (1996) Thin film shape memory alloy microactuators. J Microelectromech Syst 5(4):270–282

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Laser DJ, Santiago JG (2004) A review of micropumps. J Micromech Microeng 14(6):R35–R64

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lee JS, Lucyszyn S (2005) A micromachined refreshable Braille cell. J Microelectromech Syst 14(4):673–682

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lee JS, Lucyszyn S (2007a) Design and pressure analysis for bulk micromachined electrothermal hydraulic microactuators using a PCM. Sens Actuators A Phys 133(2):294–300

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lee JS, Lucyszyn S (2007b) Thermal analysis for bulk-micromachined electrothermal hydraulic microactuators using a phase change material. Sens Actuators A Phys 135(2):731–739

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lee JN, Park C, Whitesides GM (2003) Solvent compatibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices. Anal Chem 75(23):6544–6554

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lehto M, Bodén R (2008) A multi-stable miniature paraffin actuator. In: Proceedings of actuator, 11th international conference on new actuators, pp 864–867

• Lehto M, Boden R, Simu U, Hjort K and Schweitz J-Å (2004) Printed circuit board paraffin actuators for disposable microfluidic systems. In: Proceedings of actuator, 9th international conference on new actuators, pp 220–223

• Lehto M, Schweitz J-Å, Thornell G (2007) Binary mixtures of n-alkanes for tunable thermohydraulic actuators. J Microelectromech Syst 16(3):728–733

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lehto M, Bodén R, Simu U, Hjort K, Thornell G, Schweitz J-Å (2008) A polymeric paraffin microactuator. J Microelectromech Syst 17(5):1172–1177

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Liu RH, Bonanno J, Yang J, Lenigk R, Grodzinski P (2004a) Single-use, thermally actuated paraffin valves for microfluidic applications. Sens Actuators B Chem 98(2–3):328–336

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Liu RH, Yang J, Lenigk R, Bonanno J, Grodzinski P (2004b) Self-contained, fully integrated biochip for sample preparation, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and DNA microarray detection. Anal Chem 76(7):1824–1831

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Malik A, Ogden S, Amberg G, Hjort K (2013) Modeling and analysis of a phase change material thermohydraulic actuator. J Microelectromech Syst 22(1):186–194

  Article  Google Scholar 

• McCarthy DK (1968) Nonmagnetic, lightweight oscillating actuator. In: Proceedings of the 3rd aerospace mechanisms symposium, pp 163–170

• Mehling H, Cabeza LF (2008) Heat and cold storage with PCM an up to date introduction into basics and applications. Springer, Berlin. ISBN:978-3-540-68556-2

• Nguyen NT, Wereley S (2006) Fundamentals, applications of microfluidics, 2nd edn. Artech House, Boston

  Google Scholar 

• Ogden S, Bodén R, Hjort K (2010) A latchable valve for high-pressure microfluidics. J Microelectromech Syst 19(2):396–401

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ogden S, Jonsson J, Thornell G, Hjort K (2012) A latchable high-pressure thermohydraulic valve actuator. Sens Actuators A Phys 188:292–297

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Oh KW, Ahn CH (2006) A review of microvalves. J Micromech Microeng 16(5):R13–R39

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Oh KW, Namkoong K, Park C (2005) A phase change microvalve using a meltable magnetic material: ferro-wax. In: Proceedings of μTAS 2005 conference, pp 554–556

• Pal R, Yang M, Johnson BN, Burke DT, Burns MA (2004) Phase change microvalve for integrated devices. Anal Chem 76(13):3740–3748

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Park J-M, Cho Y-K, Lee B-S, Lee J-G, Ko C (2007) Multifunctional microvalves control by optical illumination and its application in centrifugal microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 7(5):557–564

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Royer GG (1932) Improvements in or relating to thermostats, GB 374,046

• Sant HJ, Ho T, Gale BK (2010) An in situ heater for a phase-change-material-based actuation system. J Micromech Microeng 20(8):085039

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Selvaganapathy P, Carlén ET, Mastrangelo CH (2003) Electrothermally actuated inline microfludic valves. Sens Actuators A Phys 104(3):275–282

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sharma A, Tyagi VV, Chen CR, Buddhi D (2009) Review of thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13(2):318–345

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sharma G, Klintberg L, Hjort K (2011a) Viton-based fluoroelastomer microfluidics. J Micromech Microeng 21(2):025016

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sharma G, Svensson S, Ogden S, Klintberg L, Hjort K (2011b) High-pressure stainless steel active membrane microvalves. J Micromech Microeng 21(7):075010

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sherwood JF (1957) Device for utilizing the thermal expansion of wax. US 2(815):642

  Google Scholar 

• Squires TM, Quake SR (2005) Microfluidics: fluid physics at the nanoliter scale. Rev Mod Phys 77(3):977–1026

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Srinivasan P, Spearing SM (2009) Material selection for optimal design of thermally actuated pneumatic and phase change microactuators. J Microelectromech Syst 18(2):239–249

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Srivastava S, Handoo J, Agrawal KM, Joshi GC (1993) Phase-transition studies in n-alkanes and petroleum-related waxes—a review. J Phys Chem Solids 54(6):639–670

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Stange WC (1977) The MJS-77 magnetometer actuator. In: Proceedings of the 11th aerospace mechanisms symposium, pp 77–86

• Svedberg M, Nikolajeff F, Thornell G (2006) On the integration of flexible circuit boards with hot embossed thermoplastic structures for actuator purposes. Sens Actuators A Phys 125(2):534–547

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Svensson S, Sharma G, Ogden S, Hjort K, Klintberg L (2010) High-pressure peristaltic membrane micropump with temperature control. J Microelectromech Syst 19(6):1462–1469

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tibbitts SF (1988) High output paraffin actuators: utilization in aerospace mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 22nd aerospace mechanisms symposium, pp 13–28

• Tibbitts SF (1991) High-output paraffin linear motors: utilization in adaptive systems. In: Proceedings of SPIE, vol 1543, pp 388–399

• Vernet S (1938) Thermostat. US 2,115,501

• Vernet S (1945) Sealing means. US 2,368,181

• Vernet S, Kim J, Lee J (1941) Temperature responsive element. US 2,259,846

• Wang J, Severtson S, Stein A (2006) Significant and concurrent enhancement of stiffness, strength and toughness for paraffin wax through organoclay addition. Adv Mater 18:1585–1588

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Wang J, Stevertson S, Geil P (2007) Brittle-ductile transitions and the toughening mechanism in paraffin/organo-clay nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng, A 467:172–180

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yang B, Lin Q (2007) A latchable microvalve using phase change of paraffin wax. Sens Actuators A Phys 134(1):194–200

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yang B, Lin Q (2009) A latchable phase-change microvalve with integrated heaters. J Microelectromech Syst 18(4):860–867

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yoo JC, Choi YJ, Kang CJ, Kim Y-S (2007) A novel polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic system including thermopneumatic-actuated micropump and paraffin-actuated microvalve. Sens Actuators A Phys 139(1–2):216–220

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Yousef H, Lehto M, Jäderblom T, Enculescu I and Hjort K (2005) A device integrating paraffin microactuator, fluidic compartment and microneedle array for fluid injection or sampling. In: Proceedings of μTAS, pp 157–159

• Zoller P, Walsh DJ (1995) Standard pressure–volume–temperature data for polymers. Technomic, Lancaster, CA

  Google Scholar 

Download references