- Lijing Cheng1,2,
- John Abraham3,
- Kevin E. Trenberth4,5,
- John Fasullo4,
- Tim Boyer6,
- Michael E. Mann7,
- Jiang Zhu1,2,
- Fan Wang2,8,
- Ricardo Locarnini6,
- Yuanlong Li2,8,
- Bin Zhang2,8,
- Fujiang Yu9,
- Liying Wan9,
- Xingrong Chen9,
- Licheng Feng9,
- Xiangzhou Song10,
- Yulong Liu11,
- Franco Reseghetti12,
- Simona Simoncelli13,
- Viktor Gouretski1,
- Gengxin Chen14,
- Alexey Mishonov6,15,
- Jim Reagan6 &
- …
- Guancheng Li16
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Abstract
Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier—fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Niña event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022.
摘要
由于人类活动排放温室气体, 全球能量和水循环已经发生了显著的变化, 驱动了气候系统的一系列变异. 海洋热含量、 盐度和层结变化是地球系统能量和水循环的重要指针. 2022 年, 全球海洋上层 2000 米热含量再破记录, 海洋成为有现代记录以来最热的一年. 据中国科学院大气物理研究所的测算, 2022 年 0–2000 米海洋热含量超过 2021 年 10.9 ± 8.3 泽塔焦耳 (1 泽塔焦耳= 1021焦耳). 与之一致, 美国国家海洋和大气管理局国家环境信息中心的测算为 9.1 ± 8.7 泽塔焦耳. 在所研究的 7 个海盆中, 北太平洋、 北大西洋、 地中海、 南大洋这 4 个海盆的 2022 年度热含量均创下了自上世纪 50 年代以来的新记录. 此外, 定量化测算海洋盐度 “咸变咸, 淡变淡” 变化趋势的 “盐度差指数” 也在 2022 年达到过去半世纪以来的最高值, 反映了全球水循环在不断加速. 在区域尺度, 海洋热含量和盐度变化显示出较强的拉尼娜事件的影响. 最后, 全球上层 2000 米海洋层结也持续加强, 2022 年全球海洋层结处于有现代记录以来的第 7 高位.
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Acknowledgements
The IAP/CAS analysis is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42122046 and 42076202) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB42040402). NCAR is sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. The efforts of Dr. Fasullo in this work were supported by NASA Awards 80NSSC17K0565 and 80NSSC22K0046, and by the Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Biological & Environmental Research (BER) via National Science Foundation IA 1947282.
The efforts of Dr. A. MISHONOV were supported by NOAA (Grant No. NA19NES4320002 to CISESS-MD at the University of Maryland). The IAP/CAS data are available athttp://www.ocean.iap.ac.cn/ andhttps://msdc.qdio.ac.cn. The NCEI/NOAA data are available athttps://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/climate-data-records/global-ocean-heat-content. This study has been conducted using also E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (https://marine.copernicus.eu/) for the Mediterranean OHC estimate. G. Li is supported by the Young Talent Support Project of Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology.
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Authors and Affiliations
International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Lijing Cheng, Jiang Zhu & Viktor Gouretski
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
Lijing Cheng, Jiang Zhu, Fan Wang, Yuanlong Li & Bin Zhang
University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering, Minnesota, 55105, USA
John Abraham
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 80307, USA
Kevin E. Trenberth & John Fasullo
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Kevin E. Trenberth
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910, USA
Tim Boyer, Ricardo Locarnini, Alexey Mishonov & Jim Reagan
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
Michael E. Mann
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
Fan Wang, Yuanlong Li & Bin Zhang
National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, Beijing, 100081, China
Fujiang Yu, Liying Wan, Xingrong Chen & Licheng Feng
College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
Xiangzhou Song
National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin, 300171, China
Yulong Liu
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, S. Teresa Research Center, Lerici, 19032, Italy
Franco Reseghetti
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sede di Bologna, Bologna, 40128, Italy
Simona Simoncelli
South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
Gengxin Chen
ESSIC/CISESS-MD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
Alexey Mishonov
Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PRC, Guangzhou, 510611, China
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Article Highlights
• In 2022, the global ocean was the hottest ever recorded by humans.
• The upper 2000 m salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier—fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022.
• Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend in 2022 and was among the top seven on record.
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Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Trenberth, K.E.et al. Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans.Adv. Atmos. Sci.40, 963–974 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-023-2385-2
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