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Sensitivity to hypercapnia and elimination of CO2 following diving in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

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Abstract

The diving ability of marine mammals is a function of how they use and store oxygen and the physiological control of ventilation, which is in turn dependent on the accumulation of CO2. To assess the influence of CO2 on physiological control of dive behaviour, we tested how increasing levels of inspired CO2 (hypercarbia) and decreasing inspired O2 (hypoxia) affected the diving metabolic rate, submergence times, and dive recovery times (time to replenish O2 stores and eliminate CO2) of freely diving Steller sea lions. We also measured changes in breathing frequency of diving and non-diving individuals. Our findings show that hypercarbia increased breathing frequency (as low as 2 % CO2), but did not affect metabolic rate, or the duration of dives or surface intervals (up to 3 % CO2). Changes in breathing rates indicated respiratory drive was altered by hypercarbia at rest, but blood CO2 levels remained below the threshold that would alter normal dive behaviour. It took the sea lions longer to remove accumulated CO2 than it did for them to replenish their O2 stores following dives (whether breathing ambient air, hypercarbia, or hypoxia). This difference between O2 and CO2 recovery times grew with increasing dive durations, increasing hypercarbia, and was greater for bout dives, suggesting there could be a build-up of CO2 load with repeated dives. Although we saw no evidence of CO2 limiting dive behaviour, the longer time required to remove CO2 may eventually exhibit control over the overall time they can spend in apnoea and overall foraging duration.

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Abbreviations

FiCO2 :

Fractional content of inspired carbon dioxide

FiO2 :

Fractional content of inspired oxygen

\({\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (in blood)

\({\text{P}}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) :

Partial pressure of oxygen (in blood)

bpm:

Breaths per minute

\({\text{PA}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :

Alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide

\(\dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) :

Rate of oxygen consumption

\(\dot{V}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :

Rate of carbon dioxide production

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Acknowledgments

We thank the technicians and trainers at the UBC Open Water Research Station and the Marine Mammal Energetics and Nutrition Laboratory at the Vancouver Aquarium for their assistance with data collection and sea lion training. Financial support was provided by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the North Pacific Universities Marine Mammal Research Consortium through the North Pacific Marine Science Foundation. All experiments complied with the current laws of Canada and were conducted under UBC Animal Care Permit #A07-0413 and #A11-0397.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Carling D. Gerlinsky & Andrew W. Trites

  2. Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Center, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Carling D. Gerlinsky, David A. S. Rosen & Andrew W. Trites

Authors
  1. Carling D. Gerlinsky
  2. David A. S. Rosen
  3. Andrew W. Trites

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Correspondence toCarling D. Gerlinsky.

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Communicated by I. D. Hume.

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Gerlinsky, C.D., Rosen, D.A.S. & Trites, A.W. Sensitivity to hypercapnia and elimination of CO2 following diving in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus).J Comp Physiol B184, 535–544 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-014-0819-y

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