Chinstrap and Adélie penguins generate considerable pressures to propel their faeces away from the edge of the nest. The pressures involved can be approximated if the following parameters are known: (1) distance the faecal material travels before it hits the ground, (2) density and viscosity of the material, and (3) shape, aperture, and height above the ground of the orificium venti. With all of these parameters measured, we calculated that fully grown penguins generate pressures of around 10 kPa (77 mm Hg) to expel watery material and 60 kPa (450 mm Hg) to expel material of higher viscosity similar to that of olive oil. The forces involved, lying well above those known for humans, are high, but do not lead to an energetically wasteful turbulent flow. Whether a bird chooses the direction into which it decides to expel its faeces, and what role the wind plays in this, remain unknown.

We wish to thank Dr. Sören Scheid (Institut fur Umweltverfahrenstechnik, Universität Bremen, Germany) for his assistance with the viscosity measurements, and the New Zealand University Grants Committee, as well as the Chilean Antarctic Program (INACH), the last for their support of the first Jamaican Expedition to Antarctica.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Faculty of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen (IUB), P.O. Box 750561, 28725 , Bremen, Germany

   Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow & Jozsef Gal

Corresponding author

Correspondence toVictor Benno Meyer-Rochow.

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