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Biogeographic Patterns Between Bacterial Phyllosphere Communities of the Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) in a Small Forest

  • Plant Microbe Interactions
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Abstract

The phyllosphere presents a unique system of discrete and easily replicable surfaces colonized primarily by bacteria. However, the biogeography of bacteria in the phyllosphere is little understood, especially at small to intermediate scales. Bacterial communities on the leaves of 91 southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) trees 1–452 m apart in a small forest plot were analyzed and fragments of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequenced using the Illumina platform. Assemblages were dominated by members of the Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria. Patterns in community composition were measured by both relative abundance (theta) and presence-absence (Jaccard) dissimilarity metrics. Distance-based Moran’s eigenvector map analyses of the distance-decay relationship found a significant, positive relationship between each dissimilarity metric and significant eigenfunctions derived from geographic distance between trees, indicating trees that were closer together had more similar bacterial phyllosphere communities. Indirect gradient analyses revealed that several environmental parameters (canopy cover, tree elevation, and the slope and aspect of the ground beneath trees) were significantly related to multivariate ordination scores based on relative bacterial sequence abundances; however, these relationships were not significant when looking at the incidence of bacterial taxa. This suggests that bacterial growth and abundance in the phyllosphere is shaped by different assembly mechanisms than bacterial presence or absence. More broadly, this study demonstrates that the distance-decay relationship applies to phyllosphere communities at local scales, and that environmental parameters as well as neutral forces may both influence spatial patterns in the phyllosphere.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Heather Valdin and Jennifer Bell for help with the collection and processing of samples.

Sequence data

The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the SRA database under the project accession number PRJNA293874.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Shoemaker Hall, University MS, P.O. Box 1848, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA

    Bram W. G. Stone & Colin R. Jackson

Authors
  1. Bram W. G. Stone

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  2. Colin R. Jackson

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Correspondence toBram W. G. Stone.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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ESM 1

Figure S1: Histograms of theta and Jaccard pairwise dissimilarities of bacterial phyllosphere communities grouped as dissimilarities between leaves on differentMagnolia grandiflora trees (top row) and dissimilarities between leaves on the same tree (bottom row). Thebold lines represent group means. Within-tree pairwise dissimilarities were found to be significantly lower using Monte Carlo randomization of thet statistic (ttheta = 8.67,p < 0.001 andtJaccard = 2.56,p < 0.001). (PDF 5 kb)

ESM 2

Figure S2: Bar chart of numbers of 16S bacterial sequence reads obtained from the leaves of each of 91Magnolia grandiflora trees. Off-target reads and artifacts from amplification and sequencing have been removed.Bars are divided andcolored by the eight most abundant bacterial phyla (read from the bottom up on the legend, i.e., beginning with the Proteobacteria). Thetop row indicates total sequence reads attributed to each tree (totaling to 7,025,849 bacterial sequences across the dataset), while the bottom row indicates the number of unique sequence reads attributed to each tree. Across the dataset, there were 20,416 unique bacterial sequences.Numbers along the horizontal axis indicate tree number (from 2 to 100), based on 100 trees initially sampled and 9 were removed due to low sequence coverage (less than 10,000 sequence reads) (PDF 13 kb)

ESM 3

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Stone, B.W.G., Jackson, C.R. Biogeographic Patterns Between Bacterial Phyllosphere Communities of the Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) in a Small Forest.Microb Ecol71, 954–961 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0738-4

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