• Akeley, D. J. (1928).“J. T. Jr.” The Biography of an African Monkey, Macmillan, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Anderson, J. R. (1981).Mirror Image Stimulation and Behavioral Development in Stumptail Macaques, Ph.D. thesis, University of Stirling, Stirling.

  Google Scholar 

• Anderson, J. R. (1983a). Mirror-image stimulation and short separations in stumptail monkeys.Anim. Learn. Behav. 11: 138–143.

  Google Scholar 

• Anderson, J. R. (1983b) Responses to mirror image stimulation and assessment of selfrecognition in mirror and peer-reared stumptail macaques.Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (in press).

• Anderson, J. R., and Chamove, A. S. (1984). Early social experience and responses to visual social stimuli in young monkeys.Current Psychological Research and Reviews. (in press).

• Benhar, E., Carlton, P. L., and Samuel, D. A. (1975). A search for mirror-image reinforcement and self-recognition in the baboon. In Kondo, S., Kawai, M., and Ehara, A. (eds.).Contemporary Primatology; Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Primatology, Japan Science Press, Tokyo.

  Google Scholar 

• Bertrand, M. (1969).The Behavioral Repertoire of the Stumptail Macaque, Karger, Basel.

  Google Scholar 

• Bourlière, F., Hunkeler, C., and Bertrand, M. (1970). Ecology and behavior of Lowe’s guenon(Cercopithecus campbelli lowei) in the Ivory Coast. In Napier, J. R., and Napier, P. H. (eds.),Old World Monkeys: Evolution, Systematics, and Behavior, Academic Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Bowden, D. (1966). Primate behavioral research in the USSR. The Sukhumi Medico-Biological Station.Folia primatol. 4: 346–360.

  PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Brown, W. L., McDowell, A. A., and Robinson, E. M. (1965). Discrimination learning of mirrored cues by rhesus monkeys.J. genet. Psychol. 106: 123–128.

  PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Buss, A. H. (1980).Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety, W. H. Freeman, San Franciso.

  Google Scholar 

• Chamove, A. S. (1979). Three social preference measures in PKU monkeys.J. Ment. Def. Res. 23: 265–273.

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Christen, A. (1974). Fortpflanzungsbiologie und Verhalten beiCebuella pygmaea undTamarin tamarin.Z. Tierpsychol., Beiheft 14: 1–78.

  Google Scholar 

• Cole, J. (1963).Macaca nemestrina Studied in captivity.Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. 10: 105–114.

  Google Scholar 

• Desmond, A. (1979).The Ape’s Reflexion, Blond & Briggs, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Dore, F., Lefebvre, L., and Ducharme, R. (1978). Threat display inBetta splendens: Effects of water condition and type of agonistic stimulation.Anim. Behav. 26: 738–745.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Duval, S., and Wicklund, R. A. (1972).A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness, Academic Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Epple, G. (1967). Comparative studies on sexual and social behavior of marmosets (Hapalidae).Folia primatol. 8: 37–65.

  Google Scholar 

• Figler, M. H. (1972). The relation between eliciting stimulus strength and habituation of the threat display in male Siamese fighting fish,Betta splendens.Behaviour 42: 63–96.

  Google Scholar 

• Foley, J. P., Jr. (1934). First year development of a rhesus monkey(Macaca mulatta) reared in isolation.J. genet. Psychol. 45: 39–105.

  Google Scholar 

• Foley, J. P., Jr. (1935). Second year development of a rhesus monkey(Macaca mulatta) reared in isolation during the first eighteen months.J. genet. Psychol. 47: 73–97.

  Google Scholar 

• Fyleman, R., and Wilson, E. M. D. (1936).Billy Monkey: A True Tale of a Capuchin Monkey, Nelson, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1966). Mirror-image reinforcement in monkeys.Psychon. Sci. 5: 39–40.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1968). Mirror-image stimulation.Psychol. Bull. 70: 782–793.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1970). Chimpanzees: Self-recognition.Science 167: 86–87.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1971). Minds and mirrors.New Soc. 18: 975–977.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1975). Towards an operational definition of self-awareness. In Tuttle, R. H. (eds.),Socioecology and Psychology of Primates, Mouton, The Hague.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1977a). Absence of self-recognition in a monkey(Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror.Dev. Psychobiol. 10: 281–284.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1977b). Self-recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness.Am. Psychol. 32: 329–338.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1979a). Self-recognition in chimpanzees and man: A developmental and comparative perspective. In Lewis, M., and Rosenblum, L. A. (eds.),The Child and Its Family, Plenum, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1979b). Self-awareness in primates.Am. Sci. 64: 417–421.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1980). Chimpanzees and self-awareness. In Roy, M. A. (eds.),Species Identity and Attachment, Garland STPM Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1982). Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates.Am. J. Primatol. 2: 237–248.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr., and McClure, M. K. (1971). Preference for mirror-image stimulation in differentially reared rhesus monkeys.J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 75: 403–407.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gallup, G. G., Jr., Wallnau, L. B., and Suarez, S. D. (1980). Failure to find self-recognition in mother-infant and infant-infant rhesus monkey pairs.Folia primatol. 33: 210–219.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Goosen, C. (1980).On Grooming in Old World Monkeys, TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.

  Google Scholar 

• Hall, K. R. L. (1962). Behaviour of monkeys towards mirror images.Nature, Lond. 196: 1258–1261.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hampton, J. K., Hampton, S. H., and Landwehr, B. T. (1966). Observations on a successful breeding colony of the marmosetOedipomidas oedipus.Folia primatol. 4: 265–287.

  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Hamrick, C, Cogan, D., and Woolam, D. (1971). Social facilitation effects on runway and maze behavior in mice.Psychon, Sci. 25: 171–173.

  Google Scholar 

• Hogan, J. A., and Roper, T. J. (1978). A comparison of the properties of different reinforcers. In Rosenblatt, J. S., Hinde, R. A., Beer, C., and Busnell, M.-C. (eds.),Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 8, Academic Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Hughes, J. (1978).A Monkey about the Place. Souvenir Press, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Kaplan, J. (1977). Some behavioral observations of surrogate-and mother-reared squirrel monkeys. In Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S., and Poirier, F. E., (eds.),Primate Bio-Social Development: Biological, Social, and Exological Determinants, Garland, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Kenney, M. D., Mason, W. A., and Hill, S. D. (1979). Effects of age, objects, and visual experience on affective responses of rhesus monkeys to strangers.Dev. Psychol. 15: 176–184.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Köhler, W. (1927).The Mentality of Apes, Kegan Paul, Trench & Trubner, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Lane, H. (1976).The Wild Boy of A veyron. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

  Google Scholar 

• Ledbetter, D. H., and Basen, J. A. (1982). Failure to demonstrate self-recognition in gorillas.Am. J. Primatol. 2: 307–310.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lethmate, J. (1974). Selbst-Kenntnis bei Menschenaffen.Umschau 15: 486–487.

  Google Scholar 

• Lethmate, J., and Dücker, G. (1973). Untersuchungen zum Selbsterkennen im Spiegel bei Orang-utans und einigen anderen Affenarten.Z. Tierpsychol. 33: 248–269.

  PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Lewis, M., and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979).Social Cognition and the Acquisition of Self, Plenum Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Lipp, H. P., and Hunsperger, R. W. (1978). Threat, attack and flight elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus of the marmoset monkeyCallithrix jacchus.Brain Behav. Evol. 15: 260–293.

  PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• MacLean, P. D. (1964). Mirror display in the squirrel monkey,Saimiri sciureus.Science 146: 950–952.

  Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Marton, M. L. (1974). Umbildung der GedÄchtnisfunktion als Folge der manipulatorischen TÄtigkeit auf der phylogenetischen Stufe der Affen.Studia Psychol. 16: 115–123.

  Google Scholar 

• Mason, W. A. (1968). Early social deprivation in the nonhuman primate: Implications for human behavior. In Glass, D. C. (eds.),Biology and Behavior: Environmental Influences, Rockefeller University Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Meddin, J. (1979). Chimpanzees, symbols, and the reflective self.Soc. Psychol. Quart. 42: 99–109.

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Meliska, C. J., Meliska, J. A., and Peeke, H. V. S. (1980). Threat displays and combat aggression inBetta splendens following visual exposure to conspecifics and one-way mirrors.Behav. Neural Biol. 28: 473–486.

  Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Mitchell, G. (1972). Looking behavior in the rhesus monkey.J. Phenomenol. Psychol. 3: 53–67.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mitchell, G., and Caine, N. G. (1980). Macaques and other Old World primates. In Roy, M. A. (eds.),Species Identity and Attachment, Garland STPM Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Montevecchi, W. A., and Noel, P. E. (1978). Temporal effects of mirror-image stimulation on pecking and peeping in isolate, pair-and group-reared domestic chicks.Behav, Biol. 23: 531–535.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Plimpton, E. H., Swartz, K. B., and Rosenblum, L. A. (1981). Responses of juvenile bonnet macaques to social stimuli presented through color videotapes.Dev. Psychobiol. 14: 109–115.

  Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Potegal, M. (1979). The reinforcing value of several types of aggressive behavior: A review.Aggr. Behav. 5: 353–373.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Richards, S. M. (1972).Tests for Behavioural Characteristics in Rhesus Monkeys, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

  Google Scholar 

• Sackett, G. P. (1966). Monkeys reared in isolation with pictures as visual input: Evidence for an innate releasing mechanism.Science 154: 1468–1472.

  Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Sackett, G. P., and Ruppenthal, G. C. (1973). Development of monkeys after varied experiences during infancy. In Barnett, S. A. (eds.),Ethology and Development, Heinemann Medical Books, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Spencer-Booth, Y., and Hinde, R. A. (1969). Tests of behavioural characteristics for rhesus monkeys.Behaviour 33: 179–211.

  Google Scholar 

• Stevenson-Hinde, J., Stillwell-Barnes, R., and Zunz, M. (1980). Individual differences in young rhesus monkeys: Consistency and change.Primates 21: 498–509.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Struhsaker, T. T. (1967). Behavior of vervet monkeys(Cercopithecus aethiops). Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 82.

• Suarez, S. D., and Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1981). Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas.J. hum. Evol. 10: 175–188.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Svendsen, G. E., and Armitage, K. B. (1974). Mirror-image stimulation applied to field behavioral studies.Ecology 54: 623–627.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Taylor, G. T. (1979). Reinforcement and intraspecific aggressive behavior.Behav. Neural Biol. 27: 1–24.

  Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Thompson, T. I. (1963). Visual reinforcement in Siamese fighting fish.Science 141: 55–57.

  Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Tinklepaugh, O. L. (1928). An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys.J. comp. Psychol. 8: 197–236.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tolman, C. W. (1965). Emotional behaviour and social facilitation of feeding in domestic chicks.Anim. Behav. 13: 493–496.

  Article PubMed CAS  Google Scholar 

• Van Lawick-Goodall, J. (1971).In the Shadow of Man, Collins, Glasgow.

  Google Scholar 

• Yerkes, R. M., and Yerkes, A. W. (1929).The Great Apes, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

  Google Scholar 

• Zazzo, R. (1979). Des enfants, des singes et des chiens devant le miroir.Rev. Psychol. Appl. 29: 235–246.

  Google Scholar 

• Zumpe, D., and Michael, R. P. (1978). Biological determinants of sexual and non-sexual behaviour: The ethological viewpoint and some of its implications for humans. In Levi, L. (eds.),Society, Stress, and Disease, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

  Google Scholar 

Download references