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Abstract
Aetiopathogenesis and histopathology of gynaecomastia
Physiological gynaecomastia
Gynaecomastia and breast cancer
Principles of diagnostic evaluation and management
Gynaecomastia is defined as an enlargement of the male breast glandular tissue. Gynaecomastia is common and may be seen in up to two-thirds of all adult men (Nuttall1979; Carlson1980; Georgiadis et al.1994). There are no well-defined clinical thresholds to describe gynaecomastia. Various authors have used varying definitions ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm of palpable glandular tissue. Gynaecomastia must be differentiated from lipomastia or pseudogynaecomastia, which is characterized by an increase in subareolar fat alone in the absence of glandular enlargement. To differentiate gynaecomastia from pseudogynaecomastia, the subareolar tissue is compared with adjacent subcutaneous fat in the anterior axillary fold. In true gynaecomastia, a firm mound of tissue is palpable which is concentric with the areola (Braunstein2007). Gynaecomastia may be unilateral, bilateral or asymmetric. Although most cases of gynaecomastia are benign, it can be a sign of underlying systemic disease.
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Authors and Affiliations
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Sweety Agrawal MD & Mohd Ashraf Ganie MD, DM
Department of Geriatric Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Sobia Nisar MD
- Sweety Agrawal MD
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- Mohd Ashraf Ganie MD, DM
Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar
- Sobia Nisar MD
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Correspondence toMohd Ashraf Ganie MD, DM.
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Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Anand Kumar
Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Mona Sharma
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Agrawal, S., Ganie, M.A., Nisar, S. (2017). Gynaecomastia. In: Kumar, A., Sharma, M. (eds) Basics of Human Andrology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3695-8_26
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