1. Wilkin JK. Effect of subdepressor clonidine on flushing reactions in rosacea. Change in malar thermal circulation index during provoked flushing reactions. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:211–4.

   Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

2. Wilkin JK. Effect of nadolol on flushing reactions in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:202–5.

   Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

3. Bernstein JE, Soltsni K. Alcohol-induced rosacea flushing blocked by naloxone. Br J Dermatol. 1982;107:59–61.

   Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

4. Tuettenberg A, Koelsch S, Knop J, et al. Oxymetazoline modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:171–8.

   Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

5. Shanler SD, Ondo AL. Successful treatment of the eythema and flushing of rosacea using a topically applied selective alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist, oxymetazoline. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:1369–71.

   Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

6. Hsu CC, Lee JY. Carvedilol for the treatment of refractory facial flushing and persistent erythema of rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(11):1258–60.

   Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

7. Cuevas P, Arrazola JM. Therapeutic response of rosacea to dobesilate. Eur J Med Res. 2005;10:454–6.

   PubMed  Google Scholar 

8. Cuevas P, Sanchez I, Lozano RM, et al. Dobesilate is an angiogenesis inhibitor. Eur J Med Res. 2005;10:369–72.

   CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

9. Bamford JT, Elliott BA, Haller IV. Tacrolimus effect on rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;50:107–8.

   Article  Google Scholar 

10. Wollina U. The role of topical calcineurin inhibitors for skin diseases other than atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2007;8:157–73.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

11. Weissenbacher S, Merkl J, Hildebrandt B, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% for papulopustular rosacea: a randomized vehicle-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:728–32.

    Google Scholar 

12. Goldman D. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea: a preliminary report. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:995–8.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

13. Serdar ZA, Yaşar S. Efficacy of 1% terbinafine cream in comparison with 0.75 metronidazole gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2011;30:124–8.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

14. Akkyani M, Ehsani AH, Ghiasi M, Jafari AK. Comparison of efficacy of azithromycin vs. doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea: a randomized open trial. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47:284–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

15. Fuentelsaz V, Ara M, Corredera C, et al. Rosacea fulminans in pregnancy: successful treatment with azithromycin. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011;36:674–6.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

16. McHugh RC, Rice A, Sangha ND, et al. A topical azithromycin preparation for the treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea. J Dermatolog Treat. 2004;15:295–302.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

17. Kang-Lee YA, McKee RW, Wright SM, et al. Metabolic effects of nicotinamide administration in rats. J Nutr. 1983;113:215–21.

    CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

18. Wozniaka A, Wieczorkowska M, Gebicki J, et al. Topical application of 1-methylnicotinamide in the treatment of rosacea: a pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30:632–5.

    Google Scholar 

19. Niren NM, Torok HM. The Nicomide Improvement in Clinical Outcomes Study (NICOS): results of an 8-week trial. Cutis. 2006;77 Suppl 1:17–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

20. Shariquie KE, Najim RA, Al-Salman HN. Oral zinc sulphate in the treatment of rosacea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:857–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

21. Wu J. Treatment of rosacea with herbal ingredients. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:29–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

22. Yu TG, Zheng YZ, Zhu JT, Guo W. Effect of treatment of rosacea in females by Chibixiao recipe in combination with minocycline and spironolactone. Chin J Integr Med. 2006;12:277–80.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

23. Ferrari A, Diehl C. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract in the treatment of rosacea. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(1):84–8.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

24. Boixeda de Miquel D, Vázquez Romero M, Vázquez Sequeiros E, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in rosacea patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006;98:501–9.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

25. Utaş S, Ozbakir O, Turasan A, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduces the severity of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:433–5.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

26. Bamford JT, Tilden RL, Blankush JL, et al. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:659–63.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

27. Dourmishev AL, Dourmishev LA, Schwartz RA. Ivermectin: pharmacology and application in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:981–8.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

28. Aquilina C, Viraben R, Sire S. Ivermectin-responsive Demodex infestation during human immunodeficiency virus infection. A case report and literature review. Dermatology. 2002;205:394–7.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

29. Clyti E, Nacher M, Sainte-Marie D, et al. Ivermectin treatment of three cases of demodecidosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:1066–108.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

30. Payne WG, Ko F, Anspaugh S, et al. Down-regulation of fibrosis with tamoxifen: a possible cellular/molecular approach to treat rhinophyma. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;56:301–5.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

31. Ackerl R, Walko G, Fuchs P, et al. Conditional targeting of plectin in prenatal and adult mouse stratified epithelia causes keratinocyte fragility and lesional epidermal barrier defects. J Cell Sci. 2007;120:2435–543.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

32. Meyer S, Kohler NG, Joly A. Cyclosporine A is an uncompetitive inhibitor of proteasome activity and prevents NF-kappaB activation. FEBS Lett. 1997;413:354–8.

    Google Scholar 

33. Scheinfeld N. A review of desferasirox, bortezomib, dasatinib, and cyclosporine eye drops: possible uses and known side effects in cutaneous medicine. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:352–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

34. Bakar O, Demircay Z, Toker E, Cakir S. Ocular signs, symptoms and tear function tests of papulopustular rosacea patients receiving azithromycin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:544–9.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

35. Daković Z, Vesić S, Vuković J, et al. Ocular rosacea and treatment of symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection: a case series. Acta Dermatovenereol Alp Panonica Adriat. 2007;16:83–6.

    Google Scholar 

36. Sharif NA, Senchyna M. Serotonin receptor subtype mRNA expression in human ocular tissues, determined by RT-PCR. Mol Vis. 2006;12:1040–7.

    CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

37. Zenker S, Schuh T, Degitz K. Therapy of pruritus associated with skin diseases with the serotonin receptor antagonist ondansetron. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2003;1:705–10.

    Article PubMed  Google Scholar 

38. Wollina U. The response of erythematous rosacea to ondansetron. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140:561–2.

    Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references