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Inner Class Example

To see an inner class in use, first consider an array. In the following example, you create an array, fill it with integer values, and then output only values of even indices of the array in ascending order.

TheDataStructure.java example that follows consists of:

• TheDataStructure outer class, which includes a constructor to create an instance ofDataStructure containing an array filled with consecutive integer values (0, 1, 2, 3, and so on) and a method that prints elements of the array that have an even index value.
• TheEvenIterator inner class, which implements theDataStructureIterator interface, which extends theIterator<Integer> interface. Iterators are used to step through a data structure and typically have methods to test for the last element, retrieve the current element, and move to the next element.
• Amain method that instantiates aDataStructure object (ds), then invokes theprintEven method to print elements of the arrayarrayOfInts that have an even index value.

 public class DataStructure {        // Create an array    private final static int SIZE = 15;    private int[] arrayOfInts = new int[SIZE];        public DataStructure() {        // fill the array with ascending integer values        for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {            arrayOfInts[i] = i;        }    }        public void printEven() {                // Print out values of even indices of the array        DataStructureIterator iterator = this.new EvenIterator();        while (iterator.hasNext()) {            System.out.print(iterator.next() + " ");        }        System.out.println();    }        interface DataStructureIterator extends java.util.Iterator<Integer> { }     // Inner class implements the DataStructureIterator interface,    // which extends the Iterator<Integer> interface        private class EvenIterator implements DataStructureIterator {                // Start stepping through the array from the beginning        private int nextIndex = 0;                public boolean hasNext() {                        // Check if the current element is the last in the array            return (nextIndex <= SIZE - 1);        }                        public Integer next() {                        // Record a value of an even index of the array            Integer retValue = Integer.valueOf(arrayOfInts[nextIndex]);                        // Get the next even element            nextIndex += 2;            return retValue;        }    }        public static void main(String s[]) {                // Fill the array with integer values and print out only        // values of even indices        DataStructure ds = new DataStructure();        ds.printEven();    }}

The output is:

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Note that theEvenIterator class refers directly to thearrayOfInts instance variable of theDataStructure object.

You can use inner classes to implement helper classes such as the one shown in the this example. To handle user interface events, you must know how to use inner classes, because the event-handling mechanism makes extensive use of them.

Local and Anonymous Classes

There are two additional types of inner classes. You can declare an inner class within the body of a method. These classes are known aslocal classes. You can also declare an inner class within the body of a method without naming the class. These classes are known asanonymous classes.

Modifiers

You can use the same modifiers for inner classes that you use for other members of the outer class. For example, you can use the access specifiersprivate,public, andprotected to restrict access to inner classes, just as you use them to restrict access do to other class members.