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Building CI checks with a GitHub App

Build a continuous integration server to run tests using a GitHub App and checks.

Introduction

This tutorial demonstrates how to build a continuous integration (CI) server that runs tests on new code that's pushed to a repository. The tutorial shows how to build and configure a GitHub App to act as a server that receives and responds tocheck_run andcheck_suite webhook events using GitHub's REST API.

In this tutorial, you will use your computer or codespace as a server while you develop your app. Once the app is ready for production use, you should deploy your app to a dedicated server.

This tutorial uses Ruby, but you can use any programming language that you can run on your server.

This tutorial is broken into two parts:

  • In part one, you'll learn how to set up the framework for a CI server using GitHub's REST API, create new check runs for CI tests when a repository receives newly pushed commits, and re-run check runs when a user requests that action on GitHub.
  • In part two, you'll add functionality to your CI test, by adding a linter test to your CI server. You'll also create annotations that are displayed in theChecks andFiles Changed tab of a pull request, and automatically fix linter recommendations by exposing a "Fix this" button in theChecks tab of the pull request.

About continuous integration (CI)

CI is a software practice that requires frequently committing code to a shared repository. Committing code more often raises errors sooner and reduces the amount of code a developer needs to debug when finding the source of an error. Frequent code updates also make it easier to merge changes from different members of a software development team. This is great for developers, who can spend more time writing code and less time debugging errors or resolving merge conflicts.

A CI server hosts code that runs CI tests such as code linters (which check style formatting), security checks, code coverage, and other checks against new code commits in a repository. CI servers can even build and deploy code to staging or production servers. For examples of the types of CI tests you can create with a GitHub App, see thecontinuous integration apps that are available in GitHub Marketplace.

About checks

GitHub's REST API allows you to set up CI tests (checks) that are automatically run against each code commit in a repository. The API reports detailed information about each check in the pull request'sChecks tab on GitHub. You can use checks in a repository to determine when a code commit introduces errors.

Checks include check runs, check suites, and commit statuses.

  • Acheck run is an individual CI test that runs on a commit.
  • Acheck suite is a group of check runs.
  • Acommit status marks the state of a commit, for exampleerror,failure,pending, orsuccess, and is visible in a pull request on GitHub. Both check suites and check runs contain commit statuses.

GitHub automatically createscheck_suite events for new code commits in a repository using the default flow, although you can change the default settings. For more information, seeREST API endpoints for check suites. Here's how the default flow works:

  1. When someone pushes code to the repository, GitHub automatically sends thecheck_suite event with an action ofrequested to all GitHub Apps installed on the repository that have thechecks:write permission. This event lets the apps know that code was pushed to the repository, and that GitHub has automatically created a new check suite.
  2. When your app receives this event, it can add check runs to that suite.
  3. Your check runs can include annotations that are displayed on specific lines of code. Annotations are visible in theChecks tab. When you create an annotation for a file that is part of the pull request, the annotations are also shown in theFiles changed tab. For more information, see theannotations object inREST API endpoints for check runs.

For more information about checks, seeREST API endpoints for checks andUsing the REST API to interact with checks.

Prerequisites

This tutorial assumes you have a basic understanding of theRuby programming language.

Before you get started, you may want to familiarize yourself with the following concepts:

Checks are also available to use with the GraphQL API, but this tutorial focuses on the REST API. For more information about the GraphQL objects, seeCheck Suite andCheck Run in the GraphQL documentation.

Setup

The following sections will lead you through setting up the following components:

  • A repository to store the code for your app.
  • A way to receive webhooks locally.
  • A GitHub App that is subscribed to "Check suite" and "Check run" webhook events, has write permission for checks, and uses a webhook URL that you can receive locally.

Create a repository to store code for your GitHub App

  1. Create a repository to store the code for your app. For more information, seeCreating a new repository.

  2. Clone your repository from the previous step. For more information, seeCloning a repository. You may use a local clone or GitHub Codespaces.

  3. In a terminal, navigate to the directory where your clone is stored.

  4. Create a Ruby file namedserver.rb. This file will contain all the code for your app. You will add content to this file later.

  5. If the directory doesn't already include a.gitignore file, add a.gitignore file. You will add content to this file later. For more information about.gitignore files, seeIgnoring files.

  6. Create a file namedGemfile. This file will describe the gem dependencies that your Ruby code needs. Add the following contents to yourGemfile:

    Ruby
    source'http://rubygems.org'gem'sinatra','~> 2.0'gem'jwt','~> 2.1'gem'octokit','~> 4.0'gem'puma'gem'rubocop'gem'dotenv'gem'git'

  7. Create a file namedconfig.ru. This file will configure your Sinatra server to run. Add the following contents to yourconfig.ru file:

    Ruby
    require'./server'runGHAapp

Get a webhook proxy URL

In order to develop your app locally, you can use a webhook proxy URL to forward webhook events from GitHub to your computer or codespace. This tutorial uses Smee.io to provide a webhook proxy URL and forward events.

  1. In a terminal, run the following command to install the Smee client:

    Shell
    npm install --global smee-client

  2. In your browser, navigate tohttps://smee.io/.

  3. ClickStart a new channel.

  4. Copy the full URL under "Webhook Proxy URL".

  5. In the terminal, run the following command to start the Smee client. ReplaceYOUR_DOMAIN with the Webhook Proxy URL you copied in the previous step.

    Shell
    smee --url YOUR_DOMAIN --path /event_handler --port 3000

    You should see output like the following:

    Forwarding https://smee.io/YOUR_DOMAIN to http://127.0.0.1:3000/event_handlerConnected https://smee.io/YOUR_DOMAIN

Thesmee --url https://smee.io/YOUR_DOMAIN command tells Smee to forward all webhook events received by the Smee channel to the Smee client running on your computer. The--path /event_handler option forwards events to the/event_handler route. The--port 3000 option specifies port 3000, which is the port you will tell your server to listen to, when you add more code later in the tutorial. Using Smee, your machine does not need to be open to the public internet to receive webhooks from GitHub. You can also open that Smee URL in your browser to inspect webhook payloads as they come in.

We recommend leaving this terminal window open and keeping Smee connected while you complete the rest of the steps in this guide. Although you can disconnect and reconnect the Smee client without losing your unique domain, you may find it easier to leave it connected and do other command-line tasks in a different terminal window.

Register a GitHub App

For this tutorial, you must register a GitHub App that:

  • Has webhooks active
  • Uses a webhook URL that you can receive locally
  • Has the "Checks" repository permission
  • Subscribes to the "Check suite" and "Check run" webhook events

The following steps will guide you through configuring a GitHub App with these settings. For more information about GitHub App settings, seeRegistering a GitHub App.

  1. In the upper-right corner of any page on GitHub, click your profile picture.

  2. Navigate to your account settings.

    • For an app owned by a personal account, clickSettings.
    • For an app owned by an organization:
      1. ClickYour organizations.
      2. To the right of the organization, clickSettings.

  3. In the left sidebar, click Developer settings.

  4. In the left sidebar, clickGitHub Apps.

  5. ClickNew GitHub App.

  6. Under "GitHub App name", enter a name for your app. For example,USERNAME-ci-test-app whereUSERNAME is your GitHub username.

  7. Under "Homepage URL", enter a URL for your app. For example, you can use the URL of the repository that you created to store the code for your app.

  8. Skip the "Identifying and authorizing users" and "Post installation" sections for this tutorial.

  9. Make sure thatActive is selected under "Webhooks".

  10. Under "Webhook URL", enter your webhook proxy URL from earlier. For more information, seeGet a webhook proxy URL.

  11. Under "Webhook secret", enter a random string. This secret is used to verify that webhooks are sent by GitHub. Save this string; you will use it later.

  12. Under "Repository permissions", next to "Checks", selectRead & write.

  13. Under "Subscribe to events", selectCheck suite andCheck run.

  14. Under "Where can this GitHub App be installed?", selectOnly on this account. You can change this later if you want to publish your app.

  15. ClickCreate GitHub App.

Store your app's identifying information and credentials

This tutorial will show you how to store your app's credentials and identifying information as environment variables in a.env file. When you deploy your app, you should change how you store the credentials. For more information, seeDeploy your app.

Make sure that you are on a secure machine before performing these steps, since you will store your credentials locally.

  1. In your terminal, navigate to the directory where your clone is stored.

  2. Create a file called.env at the top level of this directory.

  3. Add.env to your.gitignore file. This will prevent you from accidentally committing your app's credentials.

  4. Add the following contents to your.env file. You will update the values in a later step.

    Shell
    GITHUB_APP_IDENTIFIER="YOUR_APP_ID"GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET="YOUR_WEBHOOK_SECRET"GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY="YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY"

  5. Navigate to the settings page for your app:

    1. In the upper-right corner of any page on GitHub, click your profile picture.

    2. Navigate to your account settings.

      • For an app owned by a personal account, clickSettings.
      • For an app owned by an organization:
        1. ClickYour organizations.
        2. To the right of the organization, clickSettings.

    3. In the left sidebar, click Developer settings.

    4. In the left sidebar, clickGitHub Apps.

    5. Next to your app's name, clickEdit.

  6. On your app's settings page, next to "App ID", find the app ID for your app.

  7. In your.env file, replaceYOUR_APP_ID with the app ID of your app.

  8. In your.env file, replaceYOUR_WEBHOOK_SECRET with the webhook secret for your app. If you have forgotten your webhook secret, under "Webhook secret (optional)", clickChange secret. Enter a new secret, then clickSave changes.

  9. On your app's settings page, under "Private keys", clickGenerate a private key. You will see a private key.pem file downloaded to your computer.

  10. Open the.pem file with a text editor, or use the following command on the command line to display the contents of the file:cat PATH/TO/YOUR/private-key.pem.

  11. Copy and paste the entire contents of the file into your.env file as the value ofGITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY, and add double quotes around the entire value.

    Here is an example .env file:

    GITHUB_APP_IDENTIFIER=12345GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET=your webhook secretGITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY="-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----...HkVN9......-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"

Add code for your GitHub App

This section will show you how to add some basic template code for your GitHub App, and it will explain what the code does. Later in the tutorial, you will learn how to modify and add to this code, to build out your app's functionality.

Add the following template code to yourserver.rb file:

Ruby
require'sinatra/base'# Use the Sinatra web frameworkrequire'octokit'# Use the Octokit Ruby library to interact with GitHub's REST APIrequire'dotenv/load'# Manages environment variablesrequire'json'# Allows your app to manipulate JSON datarequire'openssl'# Verifies the webhook signaturerequire'jwt'# Authenticates a GitHub Apprequire'time'# Gets ISO 8601 representation of a Time objectrequire'logger'# Logs debug statements# This code is a Sinatra app, for two reasons:#   1. Because the app will require a landing page for installation.#   2. To easily handle webhook events.classGHAapp <Sinatra::Application# Sets the port that's used when starting the web server.  set:port,3000  set:bind,'0.0.0.0'# Expects the private key in PEM format. Converts the newlines.PRIVATE_KEY =OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(ENV['GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY'].gsub('\n',"\n"))# Your registered app must have a webhook secret.# The secret is used to verify that webhooks are sent by GitHub.WEBHOOK_SECRET =ENV['GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET']# The GitHub App's identifier (type integer).APP_IDENTIFIER =ENV['GITHUB_APP_IDENTIFIER']# Turn on Sinatra's verbose logging during development  configure:developmentdo    set:logging,Logger::DEBUGend# Executed before each request to the `/event_handler` route  before'/event_handler'do    get_payload_request(request)    verify_webhook_signature# If a repository name is provided in the webhook, validate that# it consists only of latin alphabetic characters, `-`, and `_`.unless@payload['repository'].nil?      halt400if (@payload['repository']['name'] =~/[0-9A-Za-z\-\_]+/).nil?end    authenticate_app# Authenticate the app installation in order to run API operations    authenticate_installation(@payload)end  post'/event_handler'do# ADD EVENT HANDLING HERE #200# success statusend  helpersdo# ADD CREATE_CHECK_RUN HELPER METHOD HERE ## ADD INITIATE_CHECK_RUN HELPER METHOD HERE ## ADD CLONE_REPOSITORY HELPER METHOD HERE ## ADD TAKE_REQUESTED_ACTION HELPER METHOD HERE ## Saves the raw payload and converts the payload to JSON formatdefget_payload_request(request)# request.body is an IO or StringIO object# Rewind in case someone already read it      request.body.rewind# The raw text of the body is required for webhook signature verification@payload_raw = request.body.readbegin@payload =JSON.parse@payload_rawrescue => e        fail'Invalid JSON (#{e}):#{@payload_raw}'endend# Instantiate an Octokit client authenticated as a GitHub App.# GitHub App authentication requires that you construct a# JWT (https://jwt.io/introduction/) signed with the app's private key,# so GitHub can be sure that it came from the app and not altered by# a malicious third party.defauthenticate_app      payload = {# The time that this JWT was issued, _i.e._ now.iat:Time.now.to_i,# JWT expiration time (10 minute maximum)exp:Time.now.to_i + (10 *60),# Your GitHub App's identifier numberiss:APP_IDENTIFIER      }# Cryptographically sign the JWT.      jwt =JWT.encode(payload,PRIVATE_KEY,'RS256')# Create the Octokit client, using the JWT as the auth token.@app_client ||=Octokit::Client.new(bearer_token: jwt)end# Instantiate an Octokit client, authenticated as an installation of a# GitHub App, to run API operations.defauthenticate_installation(payload)@installation_id = payload['installation']['id']@installation_token =@app_client.create_app_installation_access_token(@installation_id)[:token]@installation_client =Octokit::Client.new(bearer_token:@installation_token)end# Check X-Hub-Signature to confirm that this webhook was generated by# GitHub, and not a malicious third party.## GitHub uses the WEBHOOK_SECRET, registered to the GitHub App, to# create the hash signature sent in the `X-HUB-Signature` header of each# webhook. This code computes the expected hash signature and compares it to# the signature sent in the `X-HUB-Signature` header. If they don't match,# this request is an attack, and you should reject it. GitHub uses the HMAC# hexdigest to compute the signature. The `X-HUB-Signature` looks something# like this: 'sha1=123456'.defverify_webhook_signature      their_signature_header = request.env['HTTP_X_HUB_SIGNATURE'] ||'sha1='      method, their_digest = their_signature_header.split('=')      our_digest =OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(method,WEBHOOK_SECRET,@payload_raw)      halt401unless their_digest == our_digest# The X-GITHUB-EVENT header provides the name of the event.# The action value indicates the which action triggered the event.      logger.debug"---- received event#{request.env['HTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT']}"      logger.debug"----    action#{@payload['action']}"unless@payload['action'].nil?endend# Finally some logic to let us run this server directly from the command line,# or with Rack. Don't worry too much about this code. But, for the curious:# $0 is the executed file# __FILE__ is the current file# If they are the same—that is, we are running this file directly, call the# Sinatra run method  run!if__FILE__ ==$0end

The rest of this section will explain what the template code does. There aren't any steps that you need to complete in this section. If you're already familiar with the template code, you can skip ahead toStart the server.

Understand the template code

Open theserver.rb file in a text editor. You'll see comments throughout the file that provide additional context for the template code. We recommend reading those comments carefully and even adding your own comments to accompany new code you write.

Below the list of required files, the first code you'll see is theclass GHApp < Sinatra::Application declaration. You'll write all of the code for your GitHub App inside this class. The following sections explain in detail what the code does inside this class.

Set the port

The first thing you'll see inside theclass GHApp < Sinatra::Application declaration isset :port 3000. This sets the port used when starting the web server, to match the port you redirected your webhook payloads to inGet a Webhook Proxy URL.

# Sets the port that's used when starting the web server.  set:port,3000  set:bind,'0.0.0.0'

Read the environment variables

Next, this class reads the three environment variables you set inStore your app's identifying information and credentials, and stores them in variables to use later.

# Expects the private key in PEM format. Converts the newlines.PRIVATE_KEY =OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(ENV['GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY'].gsub('\n',"\n"))# Your registered app must have a webhook secret.# The secret is used to verify that webhooks are sent by GitHub.WEBHOOK_SECRET =ENV['GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET']# The GitHub App's identifier (type integer).APP_IDENTIFIER =ENV['GITHUB_APP_IDENTIFIER']

Turn on logging

Next is a code block that enables logging during development, which is the default environment in Sinatra. This code turns on logging at theDEBUG level to show useful output in the terminal while you are developing the app.

# Turn on Sinatra's verbose logging during developmentconfigure:developmentdo  set:logging,Logger::DEBUGend

Define abefore filter

Sinatra usesbefore filters that allow you to execute code before the route handler. Thebefore block in the template calls four helper methods:get_payload_request,verify_webhook_signature,authenticate_app, andauthenticate_installation. For more information, seeFilters andHelpers in the Sinatra documentation.

# Executed before each request to the `/event_handler` route  before'/event_handler'do    get_payload_request(request)    verify_webhook_signature# If a repository name is provided in the webhook, validate that# it consists only of latin alphabetic characters, `-`, and `_`.unless@payload['repository'].nil?      halt400if (@payload['repository']['name'] =~/[0-9A-Za-z\-\_]+/).nil?end    authenticate_app# Authenticate the app installation in order to run API operations    authenticate_installation(@payload)end

Each of these helper methods are defined later in the code, in the code block that starts withhelpers do. For more information, seeDefine the helper methods.

Underverify_webhook_signature, the code that starts withunless @payload is a security measure. If a repository name is provided with a webhook payload, this code validates that the repository name contains only Latin alphabetic characters, hyphens, and underscores. This helps ensure that a bad actor isn't attempting to execute arbitrary commands or inject false repository names. Later, in the code block that starts withhelpers do, theverify_webhook_signature helper method also validates incoming webhook payloads as an additional security measure.

Define a route handler

An empty route is included in the template code. This code handles allPOST requests to the/event_handler route. You will add more code to this later.

post'/event_handler'doend

Define the helper methods

Four helper methods are called in thebefore block of the template code. Thehelpers do code block defines each of these helper methods.

Handling the webhook payload

The first helper methodget_payload_request captures the webhook payload and converts it to JSON format, which makes accessing the payload's data much easier.

Verifying the webhook signature

The second helper methodverify_webhook_signature performs verification of the webhook signature to ensure that GitHub generated the event. To learn more about the code in theverify_webhook_signature helper method, seeValidating webhook deliveries. If the webhooks are secure, this method will log all incoming payloads to your terminal. The logger code is helpful in verifying your web server is working.

Authenticating as a GitHub App

The third helper methodauthenticate_app allows your GitHub App to authenticate, so it can request an installation token.

To make API calls, you'll be using the Octokit library. Doing anything interesting with this library will require your GitHub App to authenticate. For more information about the Octokit library, see theOctokit documentation.

GitHub Apps have three methods of authentication:

  • Authenticating as a GitHub App using aJSON Web Token (JWT).
  • Authenticating as a specific installation of a GitHub App using an installation access token.
  • Authenticating on behalf of a user. This tutorial won't use this method of authentication.

You'll learn about authenticating as an installation in the next section,Authenticating as an installation.

Authenticating as a GitHub App lets you do a couple of things:

  • You can retrieve high-level management information about your GitHub App.
  • You can request access tokens for an installation of the app.

For example, you would authenticate as a GitHub App to retrieve a list of the accounts (organization and personal) that have installed your app. But this authentication method doesn't allow you to do much with the API. To access a repository's data and perform operations on behalf of the installation, you need to authenticate as an installation. To do that, you'll need to authenticate as a GitHub App first to request an installation access token. For more information, seeAbout authentication with a GitHub App.

Before you can use the Octokit.rb library to make API calls, you'll need to initialize anOctokit client authenticated as a GitHub App, using theauthenticate_app helper method.

# Instantiate an Octokit client authenticated as a GitHub App.# GitHub App authentication requires that you construct a# JWT (https://jwt.io/introduction/) signed with the app's private key,# so GitHub can be sure that it came from the app an not altered by# a malicious third party.defauthenticate_app  payload = {# The time that this JWT was issued, _i.e._ now.iat:Time.now.to_i,# JWT expiration time (10 minute maximum)exp:Time.now.to_i + (10 *60),# Your GitHub App's identifier numberiss:APP_IDENTIFIER  }# Cryptographically sign the JWT  jwt =JWT.encode(payload,PRIVATE_KEY,'RS256')# Create the Octokit client, using the JWT as the auth token.@app_client ||=Octokit::Client.new(bearer_token: jwt)end

The code above generates a JSON Web Token (JWT) and uses it (along with your app's private key) to initialize the Octokit client. GitHub checks a request's authentication by verifying the token with the app's stored public key. To learn more about how this code works, seeGenerating a JSON Web Token (JWT) for a GitHub App.

Authenticating as an installation

The fourth and final helper method,authenticate_installation, initializes anOctokit client authenticated as an installation, which you can use to make authenticated calls to the API.

Aninstallation refers to any user or organization account that has installed the app. Even if someone grants the app access to more than one repository on that account, it only counts as one installation because it's within the same account.

# Instantiate an Octokit client authenticated as an installation of a# GitHub App to run API operations.defauthenticate_installation(payload)  installation_id = payload['installation']['id']  installation_token =@app_client.create_app_installation_access_token(installation_id)[:token]@installation_client =Octokit::Client.new(bearer_token: installation_token)end

Thecreate_app_installation_access_token Octokit method creates an installation token. For more information, seecreate_installation_access_token in the Octokit documentation.

This method accepts two arguments:

  • Installation (integer): The ID of a GitHub App installation
  • Options (hash, defaults to{}): A customizable set of options

Any time a GitHub App receives a webhook, it includes aninstallation object with anid. Using the client authenticated as a GitHub App, you pass this ID to thecreate_app_installation_access_token method to generate an access token for each installation. Since you're not passing any options to the method, the options default to an empty hash. The response forcreate_app_installation_access_token includes two fields:token andexpired_at. The template code selects the token in the response and initializes an installation client.

With this method in place, each time your app receives a new webhook payload, it creates a client for the installation that triggered the event. This authentication process enables your GitHub App to work for all installations on any account.

Start the server

Your app doesn't do anything yet, but at this point, you can get it running on the server.

  1. In your terminal, make sure that Smee is still running. For more information, seeGet a webhook proxy URL.

  2. Open a new tab in your terminal, andcd into the directory where you cloned the repository that you created earlier in the tutorial. For more information, seeCreate a repository to store code for your GitHub App. The Ruby code in this repository will start up aSinatra web server.

  3. Install the dependencies by running the following two commands one after the other:

    Shell
    gem install bundler
    Shell
    bundle install

  4. After installing the dependencies, start the server by running this command:

    Shell
    bundle exec ruby server.rb

    You should see a response like this:

    >== Sinatra (v2.2.3) has taken the stage on 3000for development with backup from Puma>Puma startingin single mode...>* Puma version: 6.3.0 (ruby 3.1.2-p20) ("Mugi No Toki Itaru")>*  Min threads: 0>*  Max threads: 5>*  Environment: development>*          PID: 14915>* Listening on http://0.0.0.0:3000>Use Ctrl-C to stop

    If you see an error, make sure you've created the.env file in the directory that containsserver.rb.

  5. To test the server, navigate in your browser tohttp://localhost:3000.

    If you see an error page that says "Sinatra doesn't know this ditty," the app is working as expected. Even though it's an error page, it's a Sinatra error page, which means your app is connected to the server as expected. You're seeing this message because you haven't given the app anything else to show.

Test that the server is listening to your app

You can test that the server is listening to your app by triggering an event for it to receive. You'll do that by installing the app on a test repository, which will send theinstallation event to your app. If the app receives it, you should see output in the terminal tab where you're runningserver.rb.

  1. Create a new repository to use for testing your tutorial code. For more information, seeCreating a new repository.

  2. Install the GitHub App on the repository you just created. For more information, seeInstalling your own GitHub App. During the installation process, chooseOnly select repositories, and select the repository you created in the previous step.

  3. After you clickInstall, look at the output in the terminal tab where you're runningserver.rb. You should see something like this:

    >D, [2023-06-08T15:45:43.773077#30488] DEBUG -- : ---- received event installation>D, [2023-06-08T15:45:43.773141#30488]] DEBUG -- : ----    action created>192.30.252.44 - - [08/Jun/2023:15:45:43 -0400]"POST /event_handler HTTP/1.1" 200 - 0.5390

    If you see output like this, it means your app received a notification that it was installed on your GitHub account. The app is running on the server as expected.

    If you don't see this output, make sure Smee is running correctly in another terminal tab. If you need to restart Smee, note that you'll also need touninstall andreinstall the app to send theinstallation event to your app again and see the output in terminal.

If you're wondering where the terminal output above is coming from, it's written in the app template code you added toserver.rb inAdd code for your GitHub App.

Part 1. Creating the Checks API interface

In this part, you will add the code necessary to receivecheck_suite webhook events, and create and update check runs. You'll also learn how to create check runs when a check was re-requested on GitHub. At the end of this section, you'll be able to view the check run you created in a GitHub pull request.

Your check run will not perform any checks on the code in this section. You'll add that functionality inPart 2: Creating a CI test.

You should already have a Smee channel configured that is forwarding webhook payloads to your local server. Your server should be running and connected to the GitHub App you registered and installed on a test repository.

These are the steps you'll complete in Part 1:

  1. Add event handling
  2. Create a check run
  3. Update a check run

Step 1.1. Add event handling

Because your app is subscribed to theCheck suite andCheck run events, it will receive thecheck_suite andcheck_run webhooks. GitHub sends webhook payloads asPOST requests. Because you forwarded your Smee webhook payloads tohttp://localhost:3000/event_handler, your server will receive thePOST request payloads at thepost '/event_handler' route.

Open theserver.rb file that you created inAdd code for your GitHub App, and look for the following code. An emptypost '/event_handler' route is already included in the template code. The empty route looks like this:

  post'/event_handler'do# ADD EVENT HANDLING HERE #200# success statusend

In the code block that starts withpost '/event_handler' do, where it says# ADD EVENT HANDLING HERE #, add the following code. This route will handle thecheck_suite event.

Ruby
# Get the event type from the HTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT headercase request.env['HTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT']when'check_suite'# A new check_suite has been created. Create a new check run with status queuedif@payload['action'] =='requested' ||@payload['action'] =='rerequested'        create_check_runend# ADD CHECK_RUN METHOD HERE #end

Every event that GitHub sends includes a request header calledHTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT, which indicates the type of event in thePOST request. Right now, you're only interested in events of typecheck_suite, which are emitted when a new check suite is created. Each event has an additionalaction field that indicates the type of action that triggered the events. Forcheck_suite, theaction field can berequested,rerequested, orcompleted.

Therequested action requests a check run each time code is pushed to the repository, while thererequested action requests that you re-run a check for code that already exists in the repository. Because both therequested andrerequested actions require creating a check run, you'll call a helper calledcreate_check_run. Let's write that method now.

Step 1.2. Create a check run

You'll add this new method as aSinatra helper in case you want other routes to use it too.

In the code block that starts withhelpers do, where it says# ADD CREATE_CHECK_RUN HELPER METHOD HERE #, add the following code:

Ruby
# Create a new check run with status "queued"defcreate_check_run@installation_client.create_check_run(# [String, Integer, Hash, Octokit Repository object] A GitHub repository.@payload['repository']['full_name'],# [String] The name of your check run.'Octo RuboCop',# [String] The SHA of the commit to check# The payload structure differs depending on whether a check run or a check suite event occurred.@payload['check_run'].nil? ?@payload['check_suite']['head_sha'] :@payload['check_run']['head_sha'],# [Hash] 'Accept' header option, to avoid a warning about the API not being ready for production use.accept:'application/vnd.github+json'      )end

This code calls thePOST /repos/{owner}/{repo}/check-runs endpoint using the Octokitcreate_check_run method. For more information about the endpoint, seeREST API endpoints for check runs.

To create a check run, only two input parameters are required:name andhead_sha. In this code, we name the check run "Octo RuboCop," because we'll use RuboCop to implement the CI test later in the tutorial. But you can choose any name you'd like for the check run. For more information about RuboCop, see theRuboCop documentation.

You're only supplying the required parameters now to get the basic functionality working, but you'll update the check run later as you collect more information about the check run. By default, GitHub sets thestatus toqueued.

GitHub creates a check run for a specific commit SHA, which is whyhead_sha is a required parameter. You can find the commit SHA in the webhook payload. Although you're only creating a check run for thecheck_suite event right now, it's good to know that thehead_sha is included in both thecheck_suite andcheck_run objects in the event payloads.

The code above uses aternary operator, which works like anif/else statement, to check if the payload contains acheck_run object. If it does, you read thehead_sha from thecheck_run object, otherwise you read it from thecheck_suite object.

Test the code

The following steps will show you how to test that the code works, and that it successfully creates a new check run.

  1. Run the following command to restart the server from your terminal. If the server is already running, first enterCtrl-C in your terminal to stop the server, and then run the following command to start the server again.

    Shell
    ruby server.rb

  2. Create a pull request in the test repository you created inTest that the server is listening to your app. This is the repository that you granted the app access to.

  3. In the pull request you just created, navigate to theChecks tab. You should see a check run with the name "Octo RuboCop," or whichever name you chose earlier for the check run.

If you see other apps in theChecks tab, it means you have other apps installed on your repository that haveRead & write access to checks and are subscribed toCheck suite andCheck run events. It may also mean that you have GitHub Actions workflows on the repository that are triggered by thepull_request orpull_request_target event.

So far you've told GitHub to create a check run. The check run status in the pull request is set to queued with a yellow icon. In the next step, you will wait for GitHub to create the check run and update its status.

Step 1.3. Update a check run

When yourcreate_check_run method runs, it asks GitHub to create a new check run. When GitHub finishes creating the check run, you'll receive thecheck_run webhook event with thecreated action. That event is your signal to begin running the check.

You'll update your event handler to look for thecreated action. While you're updating the event handler, you can add a conditional for thererequested action. When someone re-runs a single test on GitHub by clicking the "Re-run" button, GitHub sends thererequested check run event to your app. When a check run isrerequested, you'll start the process all over and create a new check run. To do that, you'll include a condition for thecheck_run event in thepost '/event_handler' route.

In the code block that starts withpost '/event_handler' do, where it says# ADD CHECK_RUN METHOD HERE #, add the following code:

Ruby
when'check_run'# Check that the event is being sent to this appif@payload['check_run']['app']['id'].to_s ===APP_IDENTIFIERcase@payload['action']when'created'          initiate_check_runwhen'rerequested'          create_check_run# ADD REQUESTED_ACTION METHOD HERE #endend

GitHub sends all events forcreated check runs to every app installed on a repository that has the necessary checks permissions. That means that your app will receive check runs created by other apps. Acreated check run is a little different from arequested orrerequested check suite, which GitHub sends only to apps that are being requested to run a check. The code above looks for the check run's application ID. This filters out all check runs for other apps on the repository.

Next you'll write theinitiate_check_run method, which is where you'll update the check run status and prepare to kick off your CI test.

In this section, you're not going to kick off the CI test yet, but you'll walk through how to update the status of the check run fromqueued topending and then frompending tocompleted to see the overall flow of a check run. InPart 2: Creating a CI test, you'll add the code that actually performs the CI test.

Let's create theinitiate_check_run method and update the status of the check run.

In the code block that starts withhelpers do, where it says# ADD INITIATE_CHECK_RUN HELPER METHOD HERE #, add the following code:

Ruby
# Start the CI processdefinitiate_check_run# Once the check run is created, you'll update the status of the check run# to 'in_progress' and run the CI process. When the CI finishes, you'll# update the check run status to 'completed' and add the CI results.@installation_client.update_check_run(@payload['repository']['full_name'],@payload['check_run']['id'],status:'in_progress',accept:'application/vnd.github+json'      )# ***** RUN A CI TEST *****# Mark the check run as complete!@installation_client.update_check_run(@payload['repository']['full_name'],@payload['check_run']['id'],status:'completed',conclusion:'success',accept:'application/vnd.github+json'      )end

The code above calls thePATCH /repos/{owner}/{repo}/check-runs/{check_run_id} endpoint using theupdate_check_run Octokit method, and updates the check run that you already created. For more information about the endpoint, seeREST API endpoints for check runs.

Here's what this code is doing. First, it updates the check run's status toin_progress and implicitly sets thestarted_at time to the current time. In Part 2 of this tutorial, you'll add code that kicks off a real CI test under***** RUN A CI TEST *****. For now, you'll leave that section as a placeholder, so the code that follows it will just simulate that the CI process succeeds and all tests pass. Finally, the code updates the status of the check run again tocompleted.

When you use the REST API to provide a check run status ofcompleted, theconclusion andcompleted_at parameters are required. Theconclusion summarizes the outcome of a check run and can besuccess,failure,neutral,cancelled,timed_out,skipped, oraction_required. You'll set the conclusion tosuccess, thecompleted_at time to the current time, and the status tocompleted.

You could also provide more details about what your check is doing, but you'll get to that in the next section.

Test the code

The following steps will show you how to test that the code works, and that the new "Re-run all" button you created works.

  1. Run the following command to restart the server from your terminal. If the server is already running, first enterCtrl-C in your terminal to stop the server, and then run the following command to start the server again.

    Shell
    ruby server.rb

  2. Create a pull request in the test repository you created inTest that the server is listening to your app. This is the repository that you granted the app access to.

  3. In the pull request you just created, navigate to theChecks tab. You should see a "Re-run all" button.

  4. Click the "Re-run all" button in the upper right corner. The test should run again, and end withsuccess.

Part 2. Creating a CI test

Now that you've got the interface created to receive API events and create check runs, you can create a check run that implements a CI test.

RuboCop is a Ruby code linter and formatter. It checks Ruby code to ensure that it complies with the Ruby Style Guide. For more information, see theRuboCop documentation.

RuboCop has three primary functions:

  • Linting to check code style
  • Code formatting
  • Replaces the native Ruby linting capabilities usingruby -w

Your app will run RuboCop on the CI server, and create check runs (CI tests in this case) that report the results that RuboCop reports to GitHub.

The REST API allows you to report rich details about each check run, including statuses, images, summaries, annotations, and requested actions.

Annotations are information about specific lines of code in a repository. An annotation allows you to pinpoint and visualize the exact parts of the code you'd like to show additional information for. For example, you could show that information as a comment, error, or warning on a specific line of code. This tutorial uses annotations to visualize RuboCop errors.

To take advantage of requested actions, app developers can create buttons in theChecks tab of pull requests. When someone clicks one of these buttons, the click sends arequested_actioncheck_run event to the GitHub App. The action that the app takes is completely configurable by the app developer. This tutorial will walk you through adding a button that allows users to request that RuboCop fix the errors it finds. RuboCop supports automatically fixing errors using a command-line option, and you'll configure therequested_action to take advantage of this option.

These are the steps you'll complete in this section:

  1. Add a Ruby file
  2. Allow RuboCop to clone the test repository
  3. Run RuboCop
  4. Collect RuboCop errors
  5. Update the check run with CI test results
  6. Automatically fix RuboCop errors

Step 2.1. Add a Ruby file

You can pass specific files or entire directories for RuboCop to check. In this tutorial, you'll run RuboCop on an entire directory. RuboCop only checks Ruby code. To test your GitHub App, you'll need to add a Ruby file in your repository that contains errors for RuboCop to find. After adding the following Ruby file to your repository, you will update your CI check to run RuboCop on the code.

  1. Navigate to the test repository you created inTest that the server is listening to your app. This is the repository that you granted the app access to.

  2. Create a new file namedmyfile.rb. For more information, seeCreating new files.

  3. Add the following content tomyfile.rb:

    Ruby
    # frozen_string_literal: true# The Octocat class tells you about different breeds of OctocatclassOctocatdefinitialize(name, *breeds)# Instance variables@name = name@breeds = breedsenddefdisplay    breed =@breeds.join("-")    puts"I am of#{breed} breed, and my name is#{@name}."endendm =Octocat.new("Mona","cat","octopus")m.display

  4. If you created the file locally, make sure you commit and push the file to your repository on GitHub.

Step 2.2. Allow RuboCop to clone the test repository

RuboCop is available as a command-line utility. That means, if you want to run RuboCop on a repository, your GitHub App will need to clone a local copy of the repository on the CI server so RuboCop can parse the files. To do that, your code will need to be able to run Git operations, and your GitHub App will need to have the correct permissions to clone a repository.

Allow Git operations

To run Git operations in your Ruby app, you can use theruby-git gem. TheGemfile you created inSetup already includes the ruby-git gem, and you installed it when you ranbundle install inStart the server.

Now, at the top of yourserver.rb file, below the otherrequire items, add the following code:

Ruby
require'git'

Update your app permissions

Next you'll need to update your GitHub App's permissions. Your app will need read permission for "Contents" to clone a repository. And later in this tutorial, it will need write permission to push contents to GitHub. To update your app's permissions:

  1. Select your app from theapp settings page, and clickPermissions & events in the sidebar.
  2. Under "Repository permissions", next to "Contents", selectRead & write.
  3. ClickSave changes at the bottom of the page.
  4. If you've installed the app on your account, check your email and follow the link to accept the new permissions. Any time you change your app's permissions or webhooks, users who have installed the app (including yourself) will need to accept the new permissions before the changes take effect. You can also accept the new permissions by navigating to yourinstallations page. You'll see a link under the app name, letting you know that the app is requesting different permissions. ClickReview request, and then clickAccept new permissions.

Add code to clone a repository

To clone a repository, the code will use your GitHub App's permissions and the Octokit SDK to create an installation token for your app (x-access-token:TOKEN) and use it in the following clone command:

git clone https://x-access-token:TOKEN@github.com/OWNER/REPO.git

The command above clones a repository over HTTPS. It requires the full repository name, which includes the repository owner (user or organization) and the repository name. For example, theoctocat Hello-World repository has a full name ofoctocat/hello-world.

Open yourserver.rb file. In the code block that starts withhelpers do, where it says# ADD CLONE_REPOSITORY HELPER METHOD HERE #, add the following code:

Ruby
# Clones the repository to the current working directory, updates the# contents using Git pull, and checks out the ref.## full_repo_name  - The owner and repo. Ex: octocat/hello-world# repository      - The repository name# ref             - The branch, commit SHA, or tag to check outdefclone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, ref)@git =Git.clone("https://x-access-token:#{@installation_token.to_s}@github.com/#{full_repo_name}.git", repository)      pwd =Dir.getwd()Dir.chdir(repository)@git.pull@git.checkout(ref)Dir.chdir(pwd)end

The code above uses theruby-git gem to clone the repository using the app's installation token. It clones the code in the same directory asserver.rb. To run Git commands in the repository, the code needs to change into the repository directory. Before changing directories, the code stores the current working directory in a variable (pwd) to remember where to return before exiting theclone_repository method.

From the repository directory, this code fetches and merges the latest changes (@git.pull), and checks out the specific Git ref (@git.checkout(ref)). The code to do all of this fits nicely into its own method. To perform these operations, the method needs the name and full name of the repository and the ref to checkout. The ref can be a commit SHA, branch, or tag. When it's done, the code changes the directory back to the original working directory (pwd).

Now you've got a method that clones a repository and checks out a ref. Next, you need to add code to get the required input parameters and call the newclone_repository method.

In the code block that starts withhelpers do, in theinitiate_check_run helper method where it says# ***** RUN A CI TEST *****, add the following code:

Ruby
    full_repo_name =@payload['repository']['full_name']    repository     =@payload['repository']['name']    head_sha       =@payload['check_run']['head_sha']    clone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, head_sha)# ADD CODE HERE TO RUN RUBOCOP #

The code above gets the full repository name and the head SHA of the commit from thecheck_run webhook payload.

Step 2.3. Run RuboCop

So far, your code clones the repository and creates check runs using your CI server. Now you'll get into the details of theRuboCop linter andchecks annotations.

First, you'll add code to run RuboCop and save the style code errors in JSON format.

In the code block that starts withhelpers do, find theinitiate_check_run helper method. Inside that helper method, underclone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, head_sha), where it says# ADD CODE HERE TO RUN RUBOCOP #, add the following code:

Ruby
# Run RuboCop on all files in the repository@report =`rubocop '#{repository}' --format json`        logger.debug@report`rm -rf#{repository}`@output =JSON.parse@report# ADD ANNOTATIONS CODE HERE #

The code above runs RuboCop on all files in the repository's directory. The option--format json saves a copy of the linting results in a machine-parsable format. For more information, and an example of the JSON format, seeJSON Formatter in the RuboCop docs. This code also parses the JSON so you can easily access the keys and values in your GitHub App using the@output variable.

After running RuboCop and saving the linting results, this code runs the commandrm -rf to remove the checkout of the repository. Because the code stores the RuboCop results in a@report variable, it can safely remove the checkout of the repository.

Therm -rf command cannot be undone. To keep your app secure, the code in this tutorial checks incoming webhooks for injected malicious commands that could be used to remove a different directory than intended by your app. For example, if a bad actor sent a webhook with the repository name./, your app would remove the root directory. Theverify_webhook_signature method validates the sender of the webhook. Theverify_webhook_signature event handler also checks that the repository name is valid. For more information, seeDefine abefore filter.

Test the code

The following steps will show you how to test that the code works and view the errors reported by RuboCop.

  1. Run the following command to restart the server from your terminal. If the server is already running, first enterCtrl-C in your terminal to stop the server, and then run the following command to start the server again.

    Shell
    ruby server.rb

  2. In the repository where you added themyfile.rb file, create a new pull request.

  3. In your terminal tab where the server is running, you should see debug output that contains linting errors. The linting errors are printed without any formatting. You can copy and paste your debug output into a web tool likeJSON formatter, to format your JSON output like the following example:

    {"metadata":{"rubocop_version":"0.60.0","ruby_engine":"ruby","ruby_version":"2.3.7","ruby_patchlevel":"456","ruby_platform":"universal.x86_64-darwin18"},"files":[{"path":"Octocat-breeds/octocat.rb","offenses":[{"severity":"convention","message":"Style/StringLiterals: Prefer single-quoted strings when you don't need string interpolation or special symbols.","cop_name":"Style/StringLiterals","corrected":false,"location":{"start_line":17,"start_column":17,"last_line":17,"last_column":22,"length":6,"line":17,"column":17}},{"severity":"convention","message":"Style/StringLiterals: Prefer single-quoted strings when you don't need string interpolation or special symbols.","cop_name":"Style/StringLiterals","corrected":false,"location":{"start_line":17,"start_column":25,"last_line":17,"last_column":29,"length":5,"line":17,"column":25}}]}],"summary":{"offense_count":2,"target_file_count":1,"inspected_file_count":1}}

Step 2.4. Collect RuboCop errors

The@output variable contains the parsed JSON results of the RuboCop report. As shown in the example output in the previous step, the results contain asummary section that your code can use to quickly determine if there are any errors. The following code will set the check run conclusion tosuccess when there are no reported errors. RuboCop reports errors for each file in thefiles array, so if there are errors, you'll need to extract some data from the file object.

The REST API endpoints to manage check runs allow you to create annotations for specific lines of code. When you create or update a check run, you can add annotations. In this tutorial you will update the check run with annotations, using thePATCH /repos/{owner}/{repo}/check-runs/{check_run_id} endpoint. For more information about the endpoint, seeREST API endpoints for check runs.

The API limits the number of annotations to a maximum of 50 per request. To create more than 50 annotations, you will have to make multiple requests to the "Update a check run" endpoint. For example, to create 105 annotations you would need to make three separate requests to the API. The first two requests would each have 50 annotations, and the third request would include the five remaining annotations. Each time you update the check run, annotations are appended to the list of annotations that already exist for the check run.

A check run expects annotations as an array of objects. Each annotation object must include thepath,start_line,end_line,annotation_level, andmessage. RuboCop provides thestart_column andend_column too, so you can include those optional parameters in the annotation. Annotations only supportstart_column andend_column on the same line. For more information, see theannotations object inREST API endpoints for check runs.

Now you'll add code to extract the required information from RuboCop that's needed to create each annotation.

Under the code you added in the previous step, where it says# ADD ANNOTATIONS CODE HERE #, add the following code:

Ruby
    annotations = []# You can create a maximum of 50 annotations per request to the Checks# API. To add more than 50 annotations, use the "Update a check run" API# endpoint. This example code limits the number of annotations to 50.# See /rest/reference/checks#update-a-check-run# for details.    max_annotations =50# RuboCop reports the number of errors found in "offense_count"if@output['summary']['offense_count'] ==0      conclusion ='success'else      conclusion ='neutral'@output['files'].eachdo |file|# Only parse offenses for files in this app's repository        file_path = file['path'].gsub(/#{repository}\//,'')        annotation_level ='notice'# Parse each offense to get details and location        file['offenses'].eachdo |offense|# Limit the number of annotations to 50nextif max_annotations ==0          max_annotations -=1          start_line   = offense['location']['start_line']          end_line     = offense['location']['last_line']          start_column = offense['location']['start_column']          end_column   = offense['location']['last_column']          message      = offense['message']# Create a new annotation for each error          annotation = {path: file_path,start_line: start_line,end_line: end_line,start_column: start_column,end_column: end_column,annotation_level: annotation_level,message: message          }# Annotations only support start and end columns on the same lineif start_line == end_line            annotation.merge({start_column: start_column,end_column: end_column})end          annotations.push(annotation)endendend# ADD CODE HERE TO UPDATE CHECK RUN SUMMARY #

This code limits the total number of annotations to 50. But you can modify this code to update the check run for each batch of 50 annotations. The code above includes the variablemax_annotations that sets the limit to 50, which is used in the loop that iterates through the offenses.

When theoffense_count is zero, the CI test is asuccess. If there are errors, this code sets the conclusion toneutral in order to prevent strictly enforcing errors from code linters. But you can change the conclusion tofailure if you would like to ensure that the check suite fails when there are linting errors.

When errors are reported, the code above iterates through thefiles array in the RuboCop report. For each file, it extracts the file path and sets the annotation level tonotice. You could go even further and set specific warning levels for each type ofRuboCop Cop, but to keep things simpler in this tutorial, all errors are set to a level ofnotice.

This code also iterates through each error in theoffenses array and collects the location of the offense and error message. After extracting the information needed, the code creates an annotation for each error and stores it in theannotations array. Because annotations only support start and end columns on the same line,start_column andend_column are only added to theannotation object if the start and end line values are the same.

This code doesn't yet create an annotation for the check run. You'll add that code in the next section.

Step 2.5. Update the check run with CI test results

Each check run from GitHub contains anoutput object that includes atitle,summary,text,annotations, andimages. Thesummary andtitle are the only required parameters for theoutput, but those alone don't offer much detail, so this tutorial also addstext andannotations.

For thesummary, this example uses the summary information from RuboCop and adds newlines (\n) to format the output. You can customize what you add to thetext parameter, but this example sets thetext parameter to the RuboCop version. The following code sets thesummary andtext.

Under the code you added in the previous step, where it says# ADD CODE HERE TO UPDATE CHECK RUN SUMMARY #, add the following code:

Ruby
# Updated check run summary and text parameters        summary ="Octo RuboCop summary\n-Offense count:#{@output['summary']['offense_count']}\n-File count:#{@output['summary']['target_file_count']}\n-Target file count:#{@output['summary']['inspected_file_count']}"        text ="Octo RuboCop version:#{@output['metadata']['rubocop_version']}"

Now your code should have all the information it needs to update your check run. InStep 1.3. Update a check run, you added code to set the status of the check run tosuccess. You'll need to update that code to use theconclusion variable you set based on the RuboCop results (tosuccess orneutral). Here's the code you added previously to yourserver.rb file:

# Mark the check run as complete!@installation_client.update_check_run(@payload['repository']['full_name'],@payload['check_run']['id'],status:'completed',conclusion:'success',accept:'application/vnd.github+json')

Replace that code with the following code:

Ruby
# Mark the check run as complete! And if there are warnings, share them.@installation_client.update_check_run(@payload['repository']['full_name'],@payload['check_run']['id'],status:'completed',conclusion: conclusion,output: {title:'Octo RuboCop',summary: summary,text: text,annotations: annotations          },actions: [{label:'Fix this',description:'Automatically fix all linter notices.',identifier:'fix_rubocop_notices'          }],accept:'application/vnd.github+json'        )

Now that your code sets a conclusion based on the status of the CI test, and adds the output from the RuboCop results, you've created a CI test.

The code above also adds a feature called requested actions to your CI server, via theactions object. (Note this is not related toGitHub Actions.) For more information, seeRequest further actions from a check run. Requested actions add a button in theChecks tab on GitHub that allows someone to request the check run to take additional action. The additional action is completely configurable by your app. For example, because RuboCop has a feature to automatically fix the errors it finds in Ruby code, your CI server can use a requested actions button to allow people to request automatic error fixes. When someone clicks the button, the app receives thecheck_run event with arequested_action action. Each requested action has anidentifier that the app uses to determine which button was clicked.

The code above doesn't have RuboCop automatically fix errors yet. You'll add that later in the tutorial.

Test the code

The following steps will show you how to test that the code works and view the CI test that you just created.

  1. Run the following command to restart the server from your terminal. If the server is already running, first enterCtrl-C in your terminal to stop the server, and then run the following command to start the server again.

    Shell
    ruby server.rb

  2. In the repository where you added themyfile.rb file, create a new pull request.

  3. In the pull request you just created, navigate to theChecks tab. You should see annotations for each of the errors that RuboCop found. Also notice the "Fix this" button that you created by adding a requested action.

Step 2.6. Automatically fix RuboCop errors

So far you've created a CI test. In this section, you'll add one more feature that uses RuboCop to automatically fix the errors it finds. You already added the "Fix this" button inStep 2.5. Update the check run with CI test results. Now you'll add the code to handle therequested_action check run event that's triggered when someone clicks the "Fix this" button.

The RuboCop tool offers the--auto-correct command-line option to automatically fix the errors it finds. For more information, seeAutocorrecting offenses in the RuboCop documentation. When you use the--auto-correct feature, the updates are applied to the local files on the server. You'll need to push the changes to GitHub after RuboCop makes the fixes.

To push to a repository, your app must have write permissions for "Contents" in a repository. You already set that permission toRead & write back inStep 2.2. Allow RuboCop to clone the test repository.

To commit files, Git must know which username and email address to associate with the commit. Next you'll add environment variables to store the name and email address that your app will use when it makes Git commits.

  1. Open the.env file you created earlier in this tutorial.

  2. Add the following environment variables to your.env file. ReplaceAPP_NAME with the name of your app, andEMAIL_ADDRESS with any email you'd like to use for this example.

    Shell
    GITHUB_APP_USER_NAME="APP_NAME"GITHUB_APP_USER_EMAIL="EMAIL_ADDRESS"

Next you'll need to add code to read the environment variables and set the Git configuration. You'll add that code soon.

When someone clicks the "Fix this" button, your app receives thecheck run webhook with therequested_action action type.

InStep 1.3. Update a check run you updated theevent_handler in yourserver.rb file to look for actions in thecheck_run event. You already have a case statement to handle thecreated andrerequested action types:

when'check_run'# Check that the event is being sent to this appif@payload['check_run']['app']['id'].to_s ===APP_IDENTIFIERcase@payload['action']when'created'      initiate_check_runwhen'rerequested'      create_check_run# ADD REQUESTED_ACTION METHOD HERE #endend

After thererequested case, where it says# ADD REQUESTED_ACTION METHOD HERE #, add the following code:

Ruby
when'requested_action'      take_requested_action

This code calls a new method that will handle allrequested_action events for your app.

In the code block that starts withhelpers do, where it says# ADD TAKE_REQUESTED_ACTION HELPER METHOD HERE #, add the following helper method:

Ruby
# Handles the check run `requested_action` event# See /webhooks/event-payloads/#check_rundeftake_requested_action      full_repo_name =@payload['repository']['full_name']      repository     =@payload['repository']['name']      head_branch    =@payload['check_run']['check_suite']['head_branch']if (@payload['requested_action']['identifier'] =='fix_rubocop_notices')        clone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, head_branch)# Sets your commit username and email address@git.config('user.name',ENV['GITHUB_APP_USER_NAME'])@git.config('user.email',ENV['GITHUB_APP_USER_EMAIL'])# Automatically correct RuboCop style errors@report =`rubocop '#{repository}/*' --format json --auto-correct`        pwd =Dir.getwd()Dir.chdir(repository)begin@git.commit_all('Automatically fix Octo RuboCop notices.')@git.push("https://x-access-token:#{@installation_token.to_s}@github.com/#{full_repo_name}.git", head_branch)rescue# Nothing to commit!          puts'Nothing to commit'endDir.chdir(pwd)`rm -rf '#{repository}'`endend

The code above clones a repository, just like the code you added inStep 2.2. Allow RuboCop to clone the test repository. Anif statement checks that the requested action's identifier matches the RuboCop button identifier (fix_rubocop_notices). When they match, the code clones the repository, sets the Git username and email, and runs RuboCop with the option--auto-correct. The--auto-correct option applies the changes to the local CI server files automatically.

The files are changed locally, but you'll still need to push them to GitHub. You'll use theruby-git gem to commit all of the files. Git has a single command that stages all modified or deleted files and commits them:git commit -a. To do the same thing usingruby-git, the code above uses thecommit_all method. Then the code pushes the committed files to GitHub using the installation token, using the same authentication method as the Gitclone command. Finally, it removes the repository directory to ensure the working directory is prepared for the next event.

The code you have written now completes your continuous integration server that you built using a GitHub App and checks. To see the full final code for your app, seeFull code example.

Test the code

The following steps will show you how to test that the code works, and that RuboCop can automatically fix the errors it finds.

  1. Run the following command to restart the server from your terminal. If the server is already running, first enterCtrl-C in your terminal to stop the server, and then run the following command to start the server again.

    Shell
    ruby server.rb

  2. In the repository where you added themyfile.rb file, create a new pull request.

  3. In the new pull request you created, navigate to theChecks tab, and click the "Fix this" button to automatically fix the errors RuboCop found.

  4. Navigate to theCommits tab. You should see a new commit by the username you set in your Git configuration. You may need to refresh your browser to see the update.

  5. Navigate to theChecks tab. You should see a new check suite for Octo RuboCop. But this time there should be no errors, because RuboCop fixed them all.

Full code example

This is what the final code inserver.rb should look like, after you've followed all of the steps in this tutorial. There are also comments throughout the code that provide additional context.

Ruby
require'sinatra/base'# Use the Sinatra web frameworkrequire'octokit'# Use the Octokit Ruby library to interact with GitHub's REST APIrequire'dotenv/load'# Manages environment variablesrequire'json'# Allows your app to manipulate JSON datarequire'openssl'# Verifies the webhook signaturerequire'jwt'# Authenticates a GitHub Apprequire'time'# Gets ISO 8601 representation of a Time objectrequire'logger'# Logs debug statements# This code is a Sinatra app, for two reasons:#   1. Because the app will require a landing page for installation.#   2. To easily handle webhook events.classGHAapp <Sinatra::Application# Sets the port that's used when starting the web server.  set:port,3000  set:bind,'0.0.0.0'# Expects the private key in PEM format. Converts the newlines.PRIVATE_KEY =OpenSSL::PKey::RSA.new(ENV['GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY'].gsub('\n',"\n"))# Your registered app must have a webhook secret.# The secret is used to verify that webhooks are sent by GitHub.WEBHOOK_SECRET =ENV['GITHUB_WEBHOOK_SECRET']# The GitHub App's identifier (type integer).APP_IDENTIFIER =ENV['GITHUB_APP_IDENTIFIER']# Turn on Sinatra's verbose logging during development  configure:developmentdo    set:logging,Logger::DEBUGend# Executed before each request to the `/event_handler` route  before'/event_handler'do    get_payload_request(request)    verify_webhook_signature# If a repository name is provided in the webhook, validate that# it consists only of latin alphabetic characters, `-`, and `_`.unless@payload['repository'].nil?      halt400if (@payload['repository']['name'] =~/[0-9A-Za-z\-\_]+/).nil?end    authenticate_app# Authenticate the app installation in order to run API operations    authenticate_installation(@payload)end  post'/event_handler'do# Get the event type from the HTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT headercase request.env['HTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT']when'check_suite'# A new check_suite has been created. Create a new check run with status queuedif@payload['action'] =='requested' ||@payload['action'] =='rerequested'        create_check_runendwhen'check_run'# Check that the event is being sent to this appif@payload['check_run']['app']['id'].to_s ===APP_IDENTIFIERcase@payload['action']when'created'          initiate_check_runwhen'rerequested'          create_check_runwhen'requested_action'          take_requested_actionendendend200# success statusend  helpersdo# Create a new check run with status "queued"defcreate_check_run@installation_client.create_check_run(# [String, Integer, Hash, Octokit Repository object] A GitHub repository.@payload['repository']['full_name'],# [String] The name of your check run.'Octo RuboCop',# [String] The SHA of the commit to check# The payload structure differs depending on whether a check run or a check suite event occurred.@payload['check_run'].nil? ?@payload['check_suite']['head_sha'] :@payload['check_run']['head_sha'],# [Hash] 'Accept' header option, to avoid a warning about the API not being ready for production use.accept:'application/vnd.github+json'      )end# Start the CI processdefinitiate_check_run# Once the check run is created, you'll update the status of the check run# to 'in_progress' and run the CI process. When the CI finishes, you'll# update the check run status to 'completed' and add the CI results.@installation_client.update_check_run(@payload['repository']['full_name'],@payload['check_run']['id'],status:'in_progress',accept:'application/vnd.github+json'      )      full_repo_name =@payload['repository']['full_name']      repository     =@payload['repository']['name']      head_sha       =@payload['check_run']['head_sha']      clone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, head_sha)# Run RuboCop on all files in the repository@report =`rubocop '#{repository}' --format json`      logger.debug@report`rm -rf#{repository}`@output =JSON.parse@report      annotations = []# You can create a maximum of 50 annotations per request to the Checks# API. To add more than 50 annotations, use the "Update a check run" API# endpoint. This example code limits the number of annotations to 50.# See /rest/reference/checks#update-a-check-run# for details.      max_annotations =50# RuboCop reports the number of errors found in "offense_count"if@output['summary']['offense_count'] ==0        conclusion ='success'else        conclusion ='neutral'@output['files'].eachdo |file|# Only parse offenses for files in this app's repository          file_path = file['path'].gsub(/#{repository}\//,'')          annotation_level ='notice'# Parse each offense to get details and location          file['offenses'].eachdo |offense|# Limit the number of annotations to 50nextif max_annotations ==0            max_annotations -=1            start_line   = offense['location']['start_line']            end_line     = offense['location']['last_line']            start_column = offense['location']['start_column']            end_column   = offense['location']['last_column']            message      = offense['message']# Create a new annotation for each error            annotation = {path: file_path,start_line: start_line,end_line: end_line,start_column: start_column,end_column: end_column,annotation_level: annotation_level,message: message            }# Annotations only support start and end columns on the same lineif start_line == end_line              annotation.merge({start_column: start_column,end_column: end_column})end            annotations.push(annotation)endendend# Updated check run summary and text parameters      summary ="Octo RuboCop summary\n-Offense count:#{@output['summary']['offense_count']}\n-File count:#{@output['summary']['target_file_count']}\n-Target file count:#{@output['summary']['inspected_file_count']}"      text ="Octo RuboCop version:#{@output['metadata']['rubocop_version']}"# Mark the check run as complete! And if there are warnings, share them.@installation_client.update_check_run(@payload['repository']['full_name'],@payload['check_run']['id'],status:'completed',conclusion: conclusion,output: {title:'Octo RuboCop',summary: summary,text: text,annotations: annotations        },actions: [{label:'Fix this',description:'Automatically fix all linter notices.',identifier:'fix_rubocop_notices'        }],accept:'application/vnd.github+json'      )end# Clones the repository to the current working directory, updates the# contents using Git pull, and checks out the ref.## full_repo_name  - The owner and repo. Ex: octocat/hello-world# repository      - The repository name# ref             - The branch, commit SHA, or tag to check outdefclone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, ref)@git =Git.clone("https://x-access-token:#{@installation_token.to_s}@github.com/#{full_repo_name}.git", repository)      pwd =Dir.getwd()Dir.chdir(repository)@git.pull@git.checkout(ref)Dir.chdir(pwd)end# Handles the check run `requested_action` event# See /webhooks/event-payloads/#check_rundeftake_requested_action      full_repo_name =@payload['repository']['full_name']      repository     =@payload['repository']['name']      head_branch    =@payload['check_run']['check_suite']['head_branch']if (@payload['requested_action']['identifier'] =='fix_rubocop_notices')        clone_repository(full_repo_name, repository, head_branch)# Sets your commit username and email address@git.config('user.name',ENV['GITHUB_APP_USER_NAME'])@git.config('user.email',ENV['GITHUB_APP_USER_EMAIL'])# Automatically correct RuboCop style errors@report =`rubocop '#{repository}/*' --format json --auto-correct`        pwd =Dir.getwd()Dir.chdir(repository)begin@git.commit_all('Automatically fix Octo RuboCop notices.')@git.push("https://x-access-token:#{@installation_token.to_s}@github.com/#{full_repo_name}.git", head_branch)rescue# Nothing to commit!          puts'Nothing to commit'endDir.chdir(pwd)`rm -rf '#{repository}'`endend# Saves the raw payload and converts the payload to JSON formatdefget_payload_request(request)# request.body is an IO or StringIO object# Rewind in case someone already read it      request.body.rewind# The raw text of the body is required for webhook signature verification@payload_raw = request.body.readbegin@payload =JSON.parse@payload_rawrescue => e        fail'Invalid JSON (#{e}):#{@payload_raw}'endend# Instantiate an Octokit client authenticated as a GitHub App.# GitHub App authentication requires that you construct a# JWT (https://jwt.io/introduction/) signed with the app's private key,# so GitHub can be sure that it came from the app and not altered by# a malicious third party.defauthenticate_app      payload = {# The time that this JWT was issued, _i.e._ now.iat:Time.now.to_i,# JWT expiration time (10 minute maximum)exp:Time.now.to_i + (10 *60),# Your GitHub App's identifier numberiss:APP_IDENTIFIER      }# Cryptographically sign the JWT.      jwt =JWT.encode(payload,PRIVATE_KEY,'RS256')# Create the Octokit client, using the JWT as the auth token.@app_client ||=Octokit::Client.new(bearer_token: jwt)end# Instantiate an Octokit client, authenticated as an installation of a# GitHub App, to run API operations.defauthenticate_installation(payload)@installation_id = payload['installation']['id']@installation_token =@app_client.create_app_installation_access_token(@installation_id)[:token]@installation_client =Octokit::Client.new(bearer_token:@installation_token)end# Check X-Hub-Signature to confirm that this webhook was generated by# GitHub, and not a malicious third party.## GitHub uses the WEBHOOK_SECRET, registered to the GitHub App, to# create the hash signature sent in the `X-HUB-Signature` header of each# webhook. This code computes the expected hash signature and compares it to# the signature sent in the `X-HUB-Signature` header. If they don't match,# this request is an attack, and you should reject it. GitHub uses the HMAC# hexdigest to compute the signature. The `X-HUB-Signature` looks something# like this: 'sha1=123456'.defverify_webhook_signature      their_signature_header = request.env['HTTP_X_HUB_SIGNATURE'] ||'sha1='      method, their_digest = their_signature_header.split('=')      our_digest =OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(method,WEBHOOK_SECRET,@payload_raw)      halt401unless their_digest == our_digest# The X-GITHUB-EVENT header provides the name of the event.# The action value indicates the which action triggered the event.      logger.debug"---- received event#{request.env['HTTP_X_GITHUB_EVENT']}"      logger.debug"----    action#{@payload['action']}"unless@payload['action'].nil?endend# Finally some logic to let us run this server directly from the command line,# or with Rack. Don't worry too much about this code. But, for the curious:# $0 is the executed file# __FILE__ is the current file# If they are the same—that is, we are running this file directly, call the# Sinatra run method  run!if__FILE__ ==$0end

Next steps

You should now have an app that receives API events, creates check runs, uses RuboCop to find Ruby errors, creates annotations in a pull request, and automatically fixes linter errors. Next you might want to expand your app's code, deploy your app, and make your app public.

If you have any questions, start aGitHub Community discussion in the API and Webhooks category.

Modify the app code

This tutorial demonstrated how to create a "Fix this" button that is always displayed in pull requests in the repository. Try updating the code to display the "Fix this" button only when RuboCop finds errors.

If you'd prefer that RuboCop doesn't commit files directly to the head branch, update the code to instead create a pull request with a new branch that's based on the head branch.

Deploy your app

This tutorial demonstrated how to develop your app locally. When you are ready to deploy your app, you need to make changes to serve your app and keep your app's credential secure. The steps you take depend on the server that you use, but the following sections offer general guidance.

Host your app on a server

This tutorial used your computer or codespace as a server. Once the app is ready for production use, you should deploy your app to a dedicated server. For example, you can useAzure App Service.

Update the webhook URL

Once you have a server that is set up to receive webhook traffic from GitHub, update the webhook URL in your app settings. You should not use Smee.io to forward your webhooks in production.

Update the:port setting

When you deploy your app, you will want to change the port where your server is listening. The code already tells your server to listen to all available network interfaces by setting:bind to0.0.0.0.

For example, you can set aPORT variable in your.env file on your server to indicate the port where your server should listen. Then, you can update the place where your code sets:port so that your server listens on your deployment port:

Ruby
set:port,ENV['PORT']

Secure your app's credentials

You should never publicize your app's private key or webhook secret. This tutorial stored your app's credentials in a gitignored.env file. When you deploy your app, you should choose a secure way to store the credentials and update your code to get the value accordingly. For example, you can store the credentials with a secret management service likeAzure Key Vault. When your app runs, it can retrieve the credentials and store them in environment variables on the server where your app is deployed.

For more information, seeBest practices for creating a GitHub App.

Share your app

If you want to share your app with other users and organizations, make your app public. For more information, seeMaking a GitHub App public or private.

Follow best practices

You should aim to follow best practices with your GitHub App. For more information, seeBest practices for creating a GitHub App.

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