Terminology¶

The key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT,RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, are to be interpreted as described inIETF RFC 2119.

Independent Styles¶

Independent styles contain formatting instructions for citations, notes andbibliographies. While mostly self-contained, they rely on locale files for(default) localization data.

Dependent Styles¶

A dependent style is an alias for an independent style. Its contents are limitedto style metadata, and doesn’t include any formatting instructions (the soleexception is that dependent styles can specify an overriding style locale). Bylinking dependent styles for journals that share the same citation style (e.g.,“Nature Biotechnology”, “Nature Nanotechnology”, etc.) to a single independentstyle (e.g., “Nature Journals”), there is no need to duplicate formattinginstructions.

Locale Files¶

Each locale file contains a set of localization data (term translations,localized date formats, and grammar options) for a particular language dialect.

The Root Element -cs:style¶

The root element of styles iscs:style. In independent styles, the elementcarries the following attributes:

class

Determines whether the style uses in-text citations (value “in-text”) ornotes (“note”).

default-locale (optional)

Sets a default locale for style localization. Value must be alocalecode.

version

The CSL version of the style. Must be “1.0” for CSL 1.0-compatible styles.

In addition,cs:style may carry any of theglobal options andinheritable name options.

Of these attributes, onlyversion is required oncs:style in dependentstyles, while thedefault-locale attribute may be set to specify anoverriding style locale. The other attributes are allowed but ignored.

An example ofcs:style for an independent style, preceded by the XMLdeclaration:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><stylexmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl"version="1.0"class="in-text"default-locale="fr-FR"/>

Child Elements ofcs:style¶

In independent styles, thecs:style root element has the following childelements:

cs:info

Must appear as the first child element ofcs:style. Contains themetadata describing the style (style name, ID, authors, etc.).

cs:citation

Must appear once. Describes the formatting of in-text citations or notes.

cs:bibliography (optional)

May appear once. Describes the formatting of the bibliography.

cs:macro (optional)

May appear multiple times. Macros allow formatting instructions to bereused, keeping styles compact and maintainable.

cs:locale (optional)

May appear multiple times. Used to specify (overriding) localization data.

Independent styles,cs:style has only one child element,cs:info.

<info><title>Style Title</title><id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/style-title</id><linkhref="http://www.zotero.org/styles/style-title"rel="self"/><linkhref="http://www.example.org/instructions-to-authors#references"rel="documentation"/><author><name>Author Name</name><email>name@example.org</email><uri>http://www.example.org/name</uri></author><categorycitation-format="author-date"/><categoryfield="zoology"/><updated>2011-10-29T21:01:24+00:00</updated><rightslicense="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work  is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights></info>

<citation><sort><keyvariable="citation-number"/></sort><layout><textvariable="citation-number"/></layout></citation>

<bibliography><sort><keymacro="author"/></sort><layout><groupdelimiter=". "><textmacro="author"/><textvariable="title"/></group></layout></bibliography>

<style><macroname="title"><choose><iftype="book"><textvariable="title"font-style="italic"/></if><else><textvariable="title"/></else></choose></macro><citation><layout><textmacro="title"/></layout></citation></style>

<style><localexml:lang="en"><terms><termname="editortranslator"form="short"><single>ed.&amp; trans.</single><multiple>eds.&amp; trans.</multiple></term></terms></locale></style>

Info¶

Thecs:info element may be used to give metadata on the locale file. It hasthe following child elements:

cs:translator (optional)

cs:translator, used to acknowledge locale translators, may be usedmultiple times. Within the element, the child elementcs:name mustappear once, whilecs:email andcs:uri each may appear once. Thesechild elements should contain respectively the name, email address and URIof the translator.

cs:rights (optional)

May appear once. The contents ofcs:rights specifies the license underwhich the locale file is released. The element may carry alicenseattribute to specify the URI of the license, and axml:lang attribute tospecify the language of the element’s content (the value must be anxsd:language locale code).

cs:updated (optional)

May appear once. The contents ofcs:updated must be atimestamp that shows when thelocale file was last updated.

Terms¶

Terms are localized strings (e.g. by using the “and” term, “Doe and Smith”automatically becomes “Doe und Smith” when the style locale is switched fromEnglish to German). Terms are defined withcs:term elements, child elementsofcs:terms. Eachcs:term element must carry aname attribute, setto one of the terms listed inAppendix II - Terms.

Terms are either directly defined in the content ofcs:term, or, in caseswhere singular and plural variants are needed (e.g. “page” and “pages”), in thecontent of the child elementscs:single andcs:multiple, respectively.

Terms may be defined for specific forms by usingcs:term with the optionalform attribute set to:

• “long” - (default), e.g. “editor” and “editors” for the “editor” term
• “short” - e.g. “ed.” and “eds.” for the term “editor”
• “verb” - e.g. “edited by” for the term “editor”
• “verb-short” - e.g. “ed.” for the term “editor”
• “symbol” - e.g. “§” and “§§” for the term “section”

If a style uses a term in a form that is undefined (even afterLocale Fallback), there is fallback to other forms:“verb-short” first falls back to “verb”, “symbol” first falls back to “short”, and “verb” and “short” both fall back to “long”.In addition, the terms “long-ordinal-01” to “long-ordinal-10” fall back to the set of ordinal suffix terms. If no locale or form fallback is available, the term is rendered as an empty string.

Thematch,gender, andgender-form attributes can be used oncs:term for the formatting of number variables rendered as ordinals (e.g.“first”, “2nd”). SeeOrdinal Suffixes andGender-specific Ordinals below.

Term content should not contain markup such as LaTeX or HTML.SuperscriptedUnicode characters can be used for superscripting.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><localexml:lang="fr-FR"><terms><termname="edition"gender="feminine"><single>édition</single><multiple>éditions</multiple></term><termname="edition"form="short">éd.</term><termname="month-01"gender="masculine">janvier</term><termname="ordinal">e</term><termname="ordinal-01"gender-form="feminine"match="whole-number">re</term><termname="ordinal-01"gender-form="masculine"match="whole-number">er</term></terms></locale>

Localized Date Formats¶

Two localized date formats can be defined withcs:date elements: a “numeric”(e.g. “12-15-2005”) and a “text” format (e.g. “December 15, 2005”). The formatis set oncs:date with the requiredform attribute.

A date format is constructed usingcs:date-part child elements (seeDate-part). With a requiredname attribute set to eitherday,month oryear, the order of these elements reflects the display order ofrespectively the day, month, and year. The date can be formatted withformatting andtext-case attributes on thecs:date andcs:date-part elements. Thedelimiter attribute may be set oncs:dateto specify the delimiter for thecs:date-part elements, andaffixes maybe applied to thecs:date-part elements.

Note Affixes are not allowed oncs:date when defining localized dateformats. This restriction is in place to separate locale-specific affixes (seton thecs:date-part elements) from any style-specific affixes (set on thecallingcs:date element), such as parentheses. An example of a macro callinga localized date format:

<macroname="issued"><datevariable="issued"form="numeric"prefix="("suffix=")"/></macro>

Localized Options¶

There are two localized options,limit-day-ordinals-to-day-1 andpunctuation-in-quote (seeLocale Options). These global options (whichaffect both citations and the bibliography) are set as optional attributes oncs:style-options.

Layout¶

Thecs:layout rendering element is a required child element ofcs:citation andcs:bibliography. It must contain one or more of theother rendering elements described below, and may carryaffixes andformatting attributes. When used withincs:citation, thedelimiterattribute may be used to specify a delimiter for cites within a citation. Forexample, a citation like “(1, 2)” can be achieved with:

<citation><layoutprefix="("suffix=")"delimiter=", "><textvariable="citation-number"/></layout></citation>

Text¶

Thecs:text rendering element outputs text. It must carry one of thefollowing attributes to select what should be rendered:

• variable - renders the text contents of a variable. Attribute value mustbe one of thestandard variables. May be accompanied by theformattribute to select the “long” (default) or “short” form of a variable (e.g.the full or short title). If the “short” form is selected but unavailable,the “long” form is rendered instead.
• macro - renders the text output of a macro. Attribute value must matchthe value of thename attribute of acs:macro element (seeMacro).
• term - renders a term. Attribute value must be one of the terms listed inAppendix II - Terms. May be accompanied by theplural attribute toselect the singular (“false”, default) or plural (“true”) variant of a term,and by theform attribute to select the “long” (default), “short”,“verb”, “verb-short” or “symbol” form variant (see alsoTerms).
• value - renders the attribute value itself.

An example ofcs:text rendering the “title” variable:

<textvariable="title"/>

cs:text may also carryaffixes,display,formatting,quotes,strip-periods andtext-case attributes.

Date¶

Thecs:date rendering element outputs the date selected from the list ofdate variables with the requiredvariable attribute. A date can berendered in either a localized or non-localized format.

Localized date formats are selected with the optionalform attribute,which must be set to either “numeric” (for fully numeric formats, e.g.“12-15-2005”), or “text” (for formats with a non-numeric month, e.g. “December15, 2005”). Localized date formats can be customized in two ways. First, thedate-parts attribute may be used to show fewer date parts. The possiblevalues are:

• “year-month-day” - (default), renders the year, month and day
• “year-month” - renders the year and month
• “year” - renders the year

Secondly,cs:date may have one or morecs:date-part child elements (seeDate-part). The attributes set on these elements override those specified forthe localized date formats (e.g. to get abbreviated months for all locales, theform attribute on the month-cs:date-part element can be set to “short”).Thesecs:date-part elements do not affect which, or in what order, dateparts are rendered.Affixes, which are very locale-specific, are not allowedon thesecs:date-part elements.

In the absence of theform attribute,cs:date describes a self-containednon-localized date format. In this case, the date format is constructed usingcs:date-part child elements. With a requiredname attribute set toeitherday,month oryear, the order of these elements reflects thedisplay order of respectively the day, month, and year. The date can beformatted withformatting attributes on thecs:date-part elements, aswell as severalcs:date-part-specific attributes (seeDate-part). Thedelimiter attribute may be set oncs:date to specify the delimiter forthecs:date-part elements, andaffixes may be applied to thecs:date-part elements.

For both localized and non-localized dates,cs:date may carryaffixes,display,formatting andtext-case attributes.

<style><citation><layout><datevariable="issued"><date-partname="day"suffix=" "range-delimiter="-"/><date-partname="month"suffix=" "/><date-partname="year"range-delimiter="/"/></date></layout></citation></style>

<style><citation><layout><datevariable="issued"><date-partname="month"suffix=" "/><date-partname="year"/></date></layout></citation></style>

<style><citation><layout><choose><ifis-uncertain-date="issued"><textterm="circa"form="short"suffix=" "/></if></choose><datevariable="issued"><date-partname="year"/></date></layout></citation></style>

Number¶

Thecs:number rendering element outputs the number variable selected withthe requiredvariable attribute.Number variables are a subset of thelist ofstandard variables.

If a number variable is rendered withcs:number and only contains numericcontent (as determined by the rules foris-numeric, seeChoose), thenumber(s) are extracted. Variable content is rendered “as is” when the variablecontains any non-numeric content (e.g. “Special edition”).

During the extraction, numbers separated by a hyphen are stripped of interveningspaces (“2 - 4” becomes “2-4”). Numbers separated by a comma receive one spaceafter the comma (“2,3” and “2 , 3” become “2, 3”), while numbers separated by anampersand receive one space before and one after the ampersand (“2&3” becomes“2 & 3”).

Extracted numbers can be formatted via the optionalform attribute, withvalues:

• “numeric” - (default), e.g. “1”, “2”, “3”
• “ordinal” - e.g. “1st”, “2nd”, “3rd”. Ordinal suffixes are defined withterms (seeOrdinal Suffixes).
• “long-ordinal” - e.g. “first”, “second”, “third”. Long ordinals are definedwith theterms “long-ordinal-01” to “long-ordinal-10”, which are used forthe numbers 1 through 10. For other numbers “long-ordinal” falls back to“ordinal”.
• “roman” - e.g. “i”, “ii”, “iii”

Numbers with prefixes or suffixes are never ordinalized or rendered in romannumerals (e.g. “2E” remains “2E). Numbers without affixes are individuallytransformed (“2, 3” can become “2nd, 3rd”, “second, third” or “ii, iii”).

cs:number may carryaffixes,display,formatting andtext-caseattributes.

Names¶

Thecs:names rendering element outputs the contents of one or morenamevariables (selected with the requiredvariable attribute), each of whichcan contain multiple names (e.g. the “author” variable contains all the authornames of the cited item). If multiple variables are selected (separated bysingle spaces, see example below), each variable is independently rendered inthe order specified, with one exception: when the selection consists of “editor”and “translator”, and when the contents of these two name variables isidentical, then the contents of only one name variable is rendered. In addition,the “editortranslator” term is used if thecs:names element contains acs:label element, replacing the default “editor” and “translator” terms(e.g. resulting in “Doe (editor & translator)”). Thedelimiter attribute maybe set oncs:names to separate the names of the different name variables(e.g. the semicolon in “Doe, Smith (editors); Johnson (translator)”).

<namesvariable="editor translator"delimiter="; "><labelprefix=" ("suffix=")"/></names>

cs:names has four child elements (discussed below):cs:name,cs:et-al,cs:substitute andcs:label. Thecs:names element maycarryaffixes,display andformatting attributes.

<namesvariable="author"><name><name-partname="family"text-case="uppercase"/></name></names>

<namesvariable="author"><et-alfont-style="italic"/></names>

<namesvariable="author"><et-alterm="and others"/></names>

<macroname="author"><namesvariable="author"><substitute><namesvariable="editor"/><textmacro="title"/></substitute></names></macro>

Label¶

Thecs:label rendering element outputs the term matching the variableselected with the requiredvariable attribute, which must be set to“locator”, “page”, or one of thenumber variables. The term is only renderedif the selected variable is non-empty. For example,

<groupdelimiter=" "><labelvariable="page"/><textvariable="page"/></group>

can result in “page 3” or “pages 5-7”.cs:label may carry the followingattributes:

form

Selects the form of the term, with allowed values:

• “long” - (default), e.g. “page”/”pages” for the “page” term
• “short” - e.g. “p.”/”pp.” for the “page” term
• “symbol” - e.g. “§”/”§§” for the “section” term

plural

Sets pluralization of the term, with allowed values:

• “contextual” - (default), the term plurality matches that of the variablecontent. Content is considered plural when it contains multiple numbers(e.g. “page 1”, “pages 1-3”, “volume 2”, “volumes 2 & 4”), or, in thecase of the “number-of-pages” and “number-of-volumes” variables, when thenumber is higher than 1 (“1 volume” and “3 volumes”).
• “always” - always use the plural form, e.g. “pages 1” and “pages 1-3”
• “never” - always use the singular form, e.g. “page 1” and “page 1-3”

cs:label may also carryaffixes,formatting,text-case andstrip-periods attributes.

Group¶

Thecs:group rendering element must contain one or morerenderingelements (with the exception ofcs:layout).cs:group may carry thedelimiter attribute to separate its child elements, as well asaffixes,display, andformatting attributes (applied to the output of the group as a whole).cs:group implicitly acts as a conditional:cs:group and its child elements aresuppressed if a) at least one rendering element incs:group calls a variable(either directly or via a macro), and b) all variables that are called areempty. This accommodates descriptivecs:text and`cs:label`elements. For example,

<layout><groupdelimiter=" "><textterm="retrieved"/><textterm="from"/><textvariable="URL"/></group></layout>

can result in “retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02591-07”, butdoesn’t generate output when the “URL” variable is empty.

If acs:group is nested within anothercs:group, the inner group isevaluated first: a non-empty nestedcs:group is treated as a non-emptyvariable for the puropses of determining suppression of the outercs:group.

When acs:group contains a childcs:macro, if thecs:macro isnon-empty, it is treated as a non-empty variable for the purposes of determiningsuppression of the outercs:group.

Choose¶

Thecs:choose rendering element allows for conditional rendering ofrendering elements. An example that renders the “issued” date variable whenit exists, and the “no date” term when it doesn’t:

<choose><ifvariable="issued"><datevariable="issued"form="numeric"/></if><else><textterm="no date"/></else></choose>

cs:choose requires acs:if child element, which may be followed by oneor morecs:else-if child elements, and an optional closingcs:else childelement. Thecs:if andcs:else-if elements may contain any number ofrendering elements (except forcs:layout). As an emptycs:elseelement would be superfluous,cs:else must contain at least one renderingelement.cs:if andcs:else-if elements must carry one or moreconditions, which are set with the attributes:

disambiguate

When set to “true” (the only allowed value), the element content is onlyrendered if it disambiguates two otherwise identical citations. This attemptatdisambiguation is only made when all other disambiguation methods havefailed to uniquely identify the target source.

is-numeric

Tests whether the given variables (Appendix IV - Variables) containnumeric content. Content is considered numeric if it solely consists ofnumbers. Numbers may have prefixes and suffixes (“D2”, “2b”, “L2d”), and maybe separated by a comma, hyphen, or ampersand, with or without spaces (“2,3”, “2-4”, “2 & 4”). For example, “2nd” tests “true” whereas “second” and“2nd edition” test “false”.

is-uncertain-date

Tests whether the givendate variables containapproximate dates.

locator

Tests whether the locator matches the given locator types (seeLocators).Use “sub-verbo” to test for the “sub verbo” locator type.

position

Tests whether the cite position matches the given positions (terminology:citations consist of one or more cites to individual items). When calledwithin the scope of cs:bibliography,position tests “false”. Thepositions that can be tested are:

• “first”: position of cites that are the first to reference an item

• “ibid”/”ibid-with-locator”/”subsequent”: cites referencing previouslycited items have the “subsequent” position. Such cites may also have the“ibid” or “ibid-with-locator” position when:

  1. the current cite immediately follows on another cite, within the samecitation, that references the same item

  or

  2. the current cite is the first cite in the citation, and the previouscitation consists of a single cite referencing the same item

  If either requirement is met, the presence of locators determines whichposition is assigned:

  • Preceding cite does not have a locator: if the current cite has alocator, the position of the current cite is “ibid-with-locator”.Otherwise the position is “ibid”.
  • Preceding cite does have a locator: if the current cite has the samelocator, the position of the current cite is “ibid”. If the locatordiffers the position is “ibid-with-locator”. If the current cite lacks alocator its only position is “subsequent”.

• “near-note”: position of a cite following another cite referencing thesame item. Both cites have to be located in foot or endnotes, and thedistance between both cites may not exceed the maximum distance (measuredin number of foot or endnotes) set with thenear-note-distance option(seeNote Distance).

Whenever position=”ibid-with-locator” tests true, position=”ibid” also teststrue. And whenever position=”ibid” or position=”near-note” test true,position=”subsequent” also tests true.

type

Tests whether the item matches the given types (Appendix III - Types).

variable

Tests whether the default (long) forms of the given variables (Appendix IV- Variables) contain non-empty values.

With the exception ofdisambiguate, all conditions allow for multiple testvalues (separated with spaces, e.g. “book thesis”).

Thecs:if andcs:else-if elements may carry thematch attribute tocontrol the testing logic, with allowed values:

• “all” - (default), element only tests “true” when all conditions test “true”for all given test values
• “any” - element tests “true” when any condition tests “true” for any giventest value
• “none” - element only tests “true” when none of the conditions test “true”for any given test value

Delimiters from the nearest delimiters from the nearest ancestor delimiting elementare applied within the output ofcs:choose (i.e., the output of the matchingcs:if,cs:else-if, orcs:else; seedelimiter).

Options¶

Styles may be configured withcitation-specific options, set as attributes onset oncs:citation,bibliography-specific options, set oncs:bibliography, andglobal options (these affect both citations and thebibliography), set oncs:style.Inheritable name options may be set oncs:style,cs:citation andcs:bibliography. Finally,localeoptions may be set oncs:locale elements.

Sorting¶

cs:citation andcs:bibliography may include acs:sort child elementbefore thecs:layout element to specify the sorting order of respectivelycites within citations, and bibliographic entries within the bibliography. Inthe absence ofcs:sort, cites and bibliographic entries appear in the orderin which they are cited.

Thecs:sort element must contain one or morecs:key child elements. Thesort key, set as an attribute oncs:key, must be a variable (seeAppendixIV - Variables) or macro name. For eachcs:key element, the sort directioncan be set to either “ascending” (default) or “descending” with thesortattribute. Sorting is case-insensitive. The attributesnames-min,names-use-first, andnames-use-last may be used to override the valuesof the correspondinget-al-min/et-al-subsequent-min,et-al-use-first/et-al-subsequent-use-first andet-al-use-lastattributes, and affect all names generated via macros called bycs:key.

Sort keys are evaluated in sequence. A primary sort is performed on all itemsusing the first sort key. A secondary sort, using the second sort key, isapplied to items sharing the first sort key value. A tertiary sort, using thethird sort key, is applied to items sharing the first and second sort keyvalues. Sorting continues until either the order of all items is fixed, or untilthe sort keys are exhausted. Items with an empty sort key value are placed atthe end of the sort, both for ascending and descending sorts.

An example, where cites are first sorted by the output of the “author” macro,with overriding settings for et-al abbreviation. Cites sharing the primary sortkey are subsequently sorted in descending order by the “issued” date variable.

<citation><sort><keymacro="author"names-min="3"names-use-first="3"/><keyvariable="issued"sort="descending"/></sort><layout><!-- rendering elements --></layout></citation>

The sort key value of a variable or macro can differ from the “normal” renderedoutput. The specifics of sorting variables and macros:

Range Delimiters¶

Collapsed ranges for the “citation-number” and “year-suffix” variables aredelimited by an en-dash (e.g. “(1–3, 5)” and “(Doe 2000a–c,e)”).

The “locator” variable is always rendered with an en-dash replacing any hyphens.For the “page” variable, this replacement is only performed if thepage-range-format attribute is set oncs:style (seePage Ranges).

Formatting¶

The following formatting attributes may be set oncs:date,cs:date-part,cs:et-al,cs:group,cs:label,cs:layout,cs:name,cs:name-part,cs:names,cs:number andcs:text:

font-style

Sets the font style, with values:

• “normal” (default)
• “italic”
• “oblique” (i.e. slanted)

font-variant

Allows for the use of small capitals, with values:

• “normal” (default)
• “small-caps”

font-weight

Sets the font weight, with values:

• “normal” (default)
• “bold”
• “light”

text-decoration

Allows for the use of underlining, with values:

• “none” (default)
• “underline”

vertical-align

Sets the vertical alignment, with values:

• “baseline” (default)
• “sup” (superscript)
• “sub” (subscript)

Affixes¶

The affixes attributesprefix andsuffix may be set oncs:date(except whencs:date defines a localized date format),cs:date-part(except when the parentcs:date element calls a localized date format),cs:group,cs:label,cs:layout,cs:name,cs:name-part,cs:names,cs:number andcs:text. The attribute value is either addedbefore (prefix) or after (suffix) the output of the element carrying theattribute, but affixes are only rendered if the element produces output. Withthe exception of affixes set oncs:layout, affixes are outside the scope offormatting,quotes,strip-periods andtext-case attributes set onthe same element (as a workaround, these attributes take effect on affixes whenset on a parentcs:group element).

Delimiter¶

Thedelimiter attribute, whose value delimits non-empty pieces of output,may be set oncs:date (delimiting the date-parts;delimiter is notallowed whencs:date calls a localized date format),cs:names(delimiting name lists from differentname variables),cs:name(delimiting names within name lists),cs:group andcs:layout (delimitingthe output of the child elements).

A delimiting element is any element as above which takes adelimiter attribute, whether the attribute is supplied or not.

Delimiters from any ancestor delimiting element are not applied within the output of a delimiting element. The following producesretrieved:<http://example.com>:

<groupdelimiter=": "><textterm="retrieved"/><group><textvalue="&lt;"/><textvariable="URL"/><textvalue="&gt;"/></group></group>

Display¶

Thedisplay attribute (similar the “display” property in CSS) may be used tostructure individual bibliographic entries into one or more text blocks. Ifused, all rendering elements should be under the control of a display attribute.The allowed values:

• “block” - block stretching from margin to margin.
• “left-margin” - block starting at the left margin. If followed by a“right-inline” block, the “left-margin” blocks of all bibliographic entriesare set to a fixed width to accommodate the longest content string found amongthese “left-margin” blocks. In the absence of a “right-inline” block the“left-margin” block extends to the right margin.
• “right-inline” - block starting to the right of a preceding “left-margin”block (behaves as “block” in the absence of such a “left-margin” block).Extends to the right margin.
• “indent” - block indented to the right by a standard amount. Extends to theright margin.

Examples

1. Instead of usingsecond-field-align (seeWhitespace), a similarlayout can be achieved with a “left-margin” and “right-inline” block. Apotential benefit is that the styling of blocks can be further controlled inthe final output (e.g. using CSS for HTML, styles for Word, etc.).

   <bibliography><layout><textdisplay="left-margin"variable="citation-number"prefix="["suffix="]"/><groupdisplay="right-inline"><!-- rendering elements --></group></layout></bibliography>

2. A per-author publication listing. Withsubsequent-author-substitute (seeReference Grouping) set to an empty string, the block with the authornames is only rendered once for items by the same authors.

   <bibliographysubsequent-author-substitute=""><sort><keyvariable="author"/><keyvariable="issued"/></sort><layout><groupdisplay="block"><namesvariable="author"/></group><groupdisplay="left-margin"><datevariable="issued"><date-partname="year"/></date></group><groupdisplay="right-inline"><textvariable="title"/></group></layout></bibliography>

   The output of this example would look like:

   Author1
   year-publication1	title-publication1
   year-publication2	title-publication2
   Author2
   year-publication3	title-publication3
   year-publication4	title-publication4

3. An annotated bibliography, where the annotation appears in an indented blockbelow the reference.

   <bibliography><layout><groupdisplay="block"><!-- rendering elements --></group><textdisplay="indent"variable="abstract"/></layout></bibliography>

Quotes¶

Thequotes attribute may set oncs:text. When set to “true” (“false” isdefault), the rendered text is wrapped in quotes (the quotation marks used areterms). The localizedpunctuation-in-quote option controls whetheran adjoining comma or period appears outside (default) or inside the closingquotation mark (seeLocale Options).

Strip-periods¶

Thestrip-periods attribute may be set oncs:date-part (but only ifname is set to “month”),cs:label andcs:text. When set to “true”(“false” is the default), any periods in the rendered text are removed.

Text-case¶

Thetext-case attribute may be set oncs:date,cs:date-part,cs:label,cs:name-part,cs:number andcs:text. The allowedvalues:

• “lowercase”: renders text in lowercase
• “uppercase”: renders text in uppercase
• “capitalize-first”: capitalizes the first character of the first word, if theword is lowercase
• “capitalize-all”: capitalizes the first character of every lowercase word
• “sentence”: renders text in sentence case (deprecated; do not use)
• “title”: renders text in title case

Type Terms¶

For each item type listed inAppendix III - Types, there is a corresponding term.

Name Variable Terms¶

For each of theName Variables listed inAppendix IV - Variables, there is a corresponding term.

Number Variable Terms¶

For each of theNumber Variables listed inAppendix IV - Variables, there is a corresponding term.

Locators¶

• appendix
• article-locator
• book
• canon
• chapter
• column
• elocation
• equation
• figure
• folio
• issue
• line
• note
• opus
• page
• paragraph
• part
• rule
• section
• sub-verbo
• supplement
• table
• timestamp
• title
• verse
• volume

Months¶

• month-01
• month-02
• month-03
• month-04
• month-05
• month-06
• month-07
• month-08
• month-09
• month-10
• month-11
• month-12

Ordinals¶

• ordinal
• ordinal-00 through ordinal-99
• long-ordinal-01
• long-ordinal-02
• long-ordinal-03
• long-ordinal-04
• long-ordinal-05
• long-ordinal-06
• long-ordinal-07
• long-ordinal-08
• long-ordinal-09
• long-ordinal-10

Punctuation¶

• open-quote
• close-quote
• open-inner-quote
• close-inner-quote
• page-range-delimiter
• colon
• comma
• semicolon

Seasons¶

• season-01
• season-02
• season-03
• season-04

Miscellaneous¶

• accessed
• ad
• advance-online-publication
• album
• and
• and others
• anonymous
• at
• audio-recording
• available at
• bc
• bce
• by
• ce
• circa
• cited
• et-al
• film
• forthcoming
• from
• henceforth
• ibid
• in
• in press
• internet
• interview
• letter
• loc-cit
• no date
• no-place
• no-publisher
• on
• online
• op-cit
• original-work-published
• personal-communication
• podcast
• podcast-episode
• preprint
• presented at
• radio-broadcast
• radio-series
• radio-series-episode
• reference
• retrieved
• review-of
• scale
• special-issue
• special-section
• television-broadcast
• television-series
• television-series-episode
• video
• working-paper

Standard Variables¶

abstract

Abstract of the item (e.g. the abstract of a journal article)

annote

Short markup, decoration, or annotation to the item (e.g., to indicate items included in a review);

For descriptive text (e.g., in an annotated bibliography), usenote instead

archive

Archive storing the item

archive_collection

Collection the item is part of within an archive

archive_location

Storage location within an archive (e.g. a box and folder number)

archive-place

Geographic location of the archive

authority

Issuing or judicial authority (e.g. “USPTO” for a patent, “Fairfax Circuit Court” for a legal case)

call-number

Call number (to locate the item in a library)

citation-key

Identifier of the item in the input data file (analogous to BibTeX entrykey);

Use this variable to facilitate conversion between word-processor and plain-text writing systems;

For an identifer intended as formatted output label for a citation (e.g. “Ferr78”), usecitation-label instead

citation-label

Label identifying the item in in-text citations of label styles (e.g. “Ferr78”);

May be assigned by the CSL processor based on item metadata;

For the identifier of the item in the input data file, usecitation-key instead

collection-title

Title of the collection holding the item (e.g. the series title for a book; the lecture series title for a presentation)

container-title

Title of the container holding the item (e.g. the book title for a book chapter, the journal title for a journal article; the album title for a recording; the session title for multi-part presentation at a conference)

container-title-short

Short/abbreviated form ofcontainer-title;

Deprecated; usevariable="container-title"form="short" instead

dimensions

Physical (e.g. size) or temporal (e.g. running time) dimensions of the item

division

Minor subdivision of a court with ajurisdiction for a legal item

DOI

Digital Object Identifier (e.g. “10.1128/AEM.02591-07”)

event

Deprecated legacy variant ofevent-title

event-title

Name of the event related to the item (e.g. the conference name when citing a conference paper; the meeting where presentation was made)

event-place

Geographic location of the event related to the item (e.g. “Amsterdam, The Netherlands”)

genre

Type, class, or subtype of the item (e.g. “Doctoral dissertation” for a PhD thesis; “NIH Publication” for an NIH technical report);

Do not use for topical descriptions or categories (e.g. “adventure” for an adventure movie)

ISBN

International Standard Book Number (e.g. “978-3-8474-1017-1”)

ISSN

International Standard Serial Number

jurisdiction

Geographic scope of relevance (e.g. “US” for a US patent; the court hearing a legal case)

keyword

Keyword(s) or tag(s) attached to the item

language

The language of the item;

Should be entered as an ISO 639-1 two-letter language code (e.g. “en”, “zh”), optionally with a two-letter locale code (e.g. “de-DE”, “de-AT”)

license

The license information applicable to an item (e.g. the license an article or software is released under; the copyright information for an item; the classification status of a document)

medium

Description of the item’s format or medium (e.g. “CD”, “DVD”, “Album”, etc.)

note

Descriptive text or notes about an item (e.g. in an annotated bibliography)

original-publisher

Original publisher, for items that have been republished by a different publisher

original-publisher-place

Geographic location of the original publisher (e.g. “London, UK”)

original-title

Title of the original version (e.g. “Война и мир”, the untranslated Russian title of “War and Peace”)

part-title

Title of the specific part of an item being cited

PMCID

PubMed Central reference number

PMID

PubMed reference number

publisher

Publisher

publisher-place

Geographic location of the publisher

references

Resources related to the procedural history of a legal case or legislation;

Can also be used to refer to the procedural history of other items (e.g. “Conference canceled” for a presentation accepted as a conference that was subsequently canceled; details of a retraction or correction notice)

reviewed-genre

Type of the item being reviewed by the current item (e.g. book, film)

reviewed-title

Title of the item reviewed by the current item

scale

Scale of e.g. a map or model

source

Source from whence the item originates (e.g. a library catalog or database)

status

Publication status of the item (e.g. “forthcoming”; “in press”; “advance online publication”; “retracted”)

title

Primary title of the item

title-short

Short/abbreviated form oftitle;

Deprecated; usevariable="title"form="short" instead

URL

Uniform Resource Locator (e.g. “https://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/74/9/2766”)

volume-title

Title of the volume of the item or container holding the item;

Also use for titles of periodical special issues, special sections, and the like

year-suffix

Disambiguating year suffix in author-date styles (e.g. “a” in “Doe, 1999a”)

Date Variables¶

accessed

Date the item has been accessed

available-date

Date the item was initially available (e.g. the online publication date of a journal article before its formal publication date; the date a treaty was made available for signing)

event-date

Date the event related to an item took place

issued

Date the item was issued/published

original-date

Issue date of the original version

submitted

Date the item (e.g. a manuscript) was submitted for publication

Name Variables¶

author

Author

chair

The person leading the session containing a presentation (e.g. the organizer of thecontainer-title of aspeech)

collection-editor

Editor of the collection holding the item (e.g. the series editor for a book)

compiler

Person compiling or selecting material for an item from the works of various persons or bodies (e.g. for an anthology)

composer

Composer (e.g. of a musical score)

container-author

Author of the container holding the item (e.g. the book author for a book chapter)

contributor

A minor contributor to the item; typically cited using “with” before the name when listed in a bibliography

curator

Curator of an exhibit or collection (e.g. in a museum)

director

Director (e.g. of a film)

editor

Editor

editorial-director

Managing editor (“Directeur de la Publication” in French)

editor-translator

Combined editor and translator of a work;

The citation processory must be automatically generate ifeditor andtranslator variables are identical;

May also be provided directly in item data

executive-producer

Executive producer (e.g. of a television series)

guest

Guest (e.g. on a TV show or podcast)

host

Host (e.g. of a TV show or podcast)

illustrator

Illustrator (e.g. of a children’s book or graphic novel)

interviewer

Interviewer (e.g. of an interview)

narrator

Narrator (e.g. of an audio book)

organizer

Organizer of an event (e.g. organizer of a workshop or conference)

original-author

The original creator of a work (e.g. the form of the author name listed on the original version of a book; the historical author of a work; the original songwriter or performer for a musical piece; the original developer or programmer for a piece of software; the original author of an adapted work such as a book adapted into a screenplay)

performer

Performer of an item (e.g. an actor appearing in a film; a muscian performing a piece of music)

producer

Producer (e.g. of a television or radio broadcast)

recipient

Recipient (e.g. of a letter)

reviewed-author

Author of the item reviewed by the current item

script-writer

Writer of a script or screenplay (e.g. of a film)

series-creator

Creator of a series (e.g. of a television series)

translator

Translator