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Expressions and operators

This chapter describes JavaScript's expressions and operators, including assignment, comparison, arithmetic, bitwise, logical, string, ternary and more.

At a high level, anexpression is a valid unit of code that resolves to a value. There are two types of expressions: those that have side effects (such as assigning values) and those that purelyevaluate.

The expressionx = 7 is an example of the first type. This expression uses the=operator to assign the value seven to the variablex. The expression itself evaluates to7.

The expression3 + 4 is an example of the second type. This expression uses the+ operator to add3 and4 together and produces a value,7. However, if it's not eventually part of a bigger construct (for example, avariable declaration likeconst z = 3 + 4), its result will be immediately discarded — this is usually a programmer mistake because the evaluation doesn't produce any effects.

As the examples above also illustrate, all complex expressions are joined byoperators, such as= and+. In this section, we will introduce the following operators:

These operators join operands either formed by higher-precedence operators or one of thebasic expressions. A complete and detailed list of operators and expressions is also available in thereference.

Theprecedence of operators determines the order they are applied when evaluating an expression. For example:

js
const x = 1 + 2 * 3;const y = 2 * 3 + 1;

Despite* and+ coming in different orders, both expressions would result in7 because* has precedence over+, so the*-joined expression will always be evaluated first. You can override operator precedence by using parentheses (which creates agrouped expression — the basic expression). To see a complete table of operator precedence as well as various caveats, see theOperator Precedence Reference page.

JavaScript has bothbinary andunary operators, and one special ternary operator, the conditional operator.A binary operator requires two operands, one before the operator and one after the operator:

operand1 operator operand2

For example,3 + 4 orx * y. This form is called aninfix binary operator, because the operator is placed between two operands. All binary operators in JavaScript are infix.

A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:

operator operandoperand operator

For example,x++ or++x. Theoperator operand form is called aprefix unary operator, and theoperand operator form is called apostfix unary operator.++ and-- are the only postfix operators in JavaScript — all other operators, like!,typeof, etc. are prefix.

Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.The simple assignment operator is equal (=), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand.That is,x = f() is an assignment expression that assigns the value off() tox.

There are also compound assignment operators that are shorthand for the operations listed in the following table:

NameShorthand operatorMeaning
Assignmentx = f()x = f()
Addition assignmentx += f()x = x + f()
Subtraction assignmentx -= f()x = x - f()
Multiplication assignmentx *= f()x = x * f()
Division assignmentx /= f()x = x / f()
Remainder assignmentx %= f()x = x % f()
Exponentiation assignmentx **= f()x = x ** f()
Left shift assignmentx <<= f()x = x << f()
Right shift assignmentx >>= f()x = x >> f()
Unsigned right shift assignmentx >>>= f()x = x >>> f()
Bitwise AND assignmentx &= f()x = x & f()
Bitwise XOR assignmentx ^= f()x = x ^ f()
Bitwise OR assignmentx |= f()x = x | f()
Logical AND assignmentx &&= f()x && (x = f())
Logical OR assignmentx ||= f()x || (x = f())
Nullish coalescing assignmentx ??= f()x ?? (x = f())

Assigning to properties

If an expression evaluates to anobject, then the left-hand side of an assignment expression may make assignments to properties of that expression.For example:

js
const obj = {};obj.x = 3;console.log(obj.x); // Prints 3.console.log(obj); // Prints { x: 3 }.const key = "y";obj[key] = 5;console.log(obj[key]); // Prints 5.console.log(obj); // Prints { x: 3, y: 5 }.

For more information about objects, readWorking with Objects.

If an expression does not evaluate to an object, then assignments to properties of that expression do not assign:

js
const val = 0;val.x = 3;console.log(val.x); // Prints undefined.console.log(val); // Prints 0.

Instrict mode, the code above throws, because one cannot assign properties to primitives.

It is an error to assign values to unmodifiable properties or to properties of an expression without properties (null orundefined).

Destructuring

For more complex assignments, thedestructuring syntax is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to extract data from arrays or objects using a syntax that mirrors the construction of array andobject literals.

Without destructuring, it takes multiple statements to extract values from arrays and objects:

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const foo = ["one", "two", "three"];const one = foo[0];const two = foo[1];const three = foo[2];

With destructuring, you can extract multiple values into distinct variables using a single statement:

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const [one, two, three] = foo;

Evaluation and nesting

In general, assignments are used within a variable declaration (i.e., withconst,let, orvar) or as standalone statements.

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// Declares a variable x and initializes it to the result of f().// The result of the x = f() assignment expression is discarded.let x = f();x = g(); // Reassigns the variable x to the result of g().

However, like other expressions, assignment expressions likex = f() evaluate into a result value.Although this result value is usually not used, it can then be used by another expression.

Chaining assignments or nesting assignments in other expressions can result in surprising behavior.For this reason, some JavaScript style guidesdiscourage chaining or nesting assignments.Nevertheless, assignment chaining and nesting may occur sometimes, so it is important to be able to understand how they work.

By chaining or nesting an assignment expression, its result can itself be assigned to another variable.It can be logged, it can be put inside an array literal or function call, and so on.

js
let x;const y = (x = f()); // Or equivalently: const y = x = f();console.log(y); // Logs the return value of the assignment x = f().console.log(x = f()); // Logs the return value directly.// An assignment expression can be nested in any place// where expressions are generally allowed,// such as array literals' elements or as function calls' arguments.console.log([0, x = f(), 0]);console.log(f(0, x = f(), 0));

The evaluation result matches the expression to the right of the= sign in the"Meaning" column of the table above. That means thatx = f() evaluates intowhateverf()'s result is,x += f() evaluates into the resulting sumx + f(),x **= f() evaluates into the resulting powerx ** f(), and so on.

In the case of logical assignments,x &&= f(),x ||= f(), andx ??= f(), the return value is that of thelogical operation without the assignment, sox && f(),x || f(), andx ?? f(), respectively.

When chaining these expressions without parentheses or other grouping operatorslike array literals, the assignment expressions aregrouped right to left(they areright-associative), but they areevaluated left to right.

Note that, for all assignment operators other than= itself,the resulting values are always based on the operands' valuesbeforethe operation.

For example, assume that the following functionsf andgand the variablesx andy have been declared:

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function f() {  console.log("F!");  return 2;}function g() {  console.log("G!");  return 3;}let x, y;

Consider these three examples:

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y = x = f();y = [f(), x = g()];x[f()] = g();

Evaluation example 1

y = x = f() is equivalent toy = (x = f()),because the assignment operator= isright-associative.However, it evaluates from left to right:

  1. The assignment expressiony = x = f() starts to evaluate.
    1. They on this assignment's left-hand side evaluatesinto a reference to the variable namedy.
    2. The assignment expressionx = f() starts to evaluate.
      1. Thex on this assignment's left-hand side evaluatesinto a reference to the variable namedx.
      2. The function callf() prints "F!" to the console andthen evaluates to the number2.
      3. That2 result fromf() is assigned tox.
    3. The assignment expressionx = f() has now finished evaluating;its result is the new value ofx, which is2.
    4. That2 result in turn is also assigned toy.
  2. The assignment expressiony = x = f() has now finished evaluating;its result is the new value ofy – which happens to be2.x andy are assigned to2,and the console has printed "F!".

Evaluation example 2

y = [ f(), x = g() ] also evaluates from left to right:

  1. The assignment expressiony = [ f(), x = g() ] starts to evaluate.
    1. They on this assignment's left-hand evaluatesinto a reference to the variable namedy.
    2. The inner array literal[ f(), x = g() ] starts to evaluate.
      1. The function callf() prints "F!" to the console andthen evaluates to the number2.
      2. The assignment expressionx = g() starts to evaluate.
        1. Thex on this assignment's left-hand side evaluatesinto a reference to the variable namedx.
        2. The function callg() prints "G!" to the console andthen evaluates to the number3.
        3. That3 result fromg() is assigned tox.
      3. The assignment expressionx = g() has now finished evaluating;its result is the new value ofx, which is3.That3 result becomes the next elementin the inner array literal (after the2 from thef()).
    3. The inner array literal[ f(), x = g() ]has now finished evaluating;its result is an array with two values:[ 2, 3 ].
    4. That[ 2, 3 ] array is now assigned toy.
  2. The assignment expressiony = [ f(), x = g() ] hasnow finished evaluating;its result is the new value ofy – which happens to be[ 2, 3 ].x is now assigned to3,y is now assigned to[ 2, 3 ],and the console has printed "F!" then "G!".

Evaluation example 3

x[f()] = g() also evaluates from left to right.(This example assumes thatx is already assigned to some object.For more information about objects, readWorking with Objects.)

  1. The assignment expressionx[f()] = g() starts to evaluate.
    1. Thex[f()] property access on this assignment's left-handstarts to evaluate.
      1. Thex in this property access evaluatesinto a reference to the variable namedx.
      2. Then the function callf() prints "F!" to the console andthen evaluates to the number2.
    2. Thex[f()] property access on this assignmenthas now finished evaluating;its result is a variable property reference:x[2].
    3. Then the function callg() prints "G!" to the console andthen evaluates to the number3.
    4. That3 is now assigned tox[2].(This step will succeed only ifx is assigned to anobject.)
  2. The assignment expressionx[f()] = g() has now finished evaluating;its result is the new value ofx[2] – which happens to be3.x[2] is now assigned to3,and the console has printed "F!" then "G!".

Avoid assignment chains

Chaining assignments or nesting assignments in other expressions canresult in surprising behavior. For this reason,chaining assignments in the same statement is discouraged.

In particular, putting a variable chain in aconst,let, orvar statement often doesnot work. Only the outermost/leftmost variable would get declared; other variables within the assignment chain arenot declared by theconst/let/var statement.For example:

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const z = y = x = f();

This statement seemingly declares the variablesx,y, andz.However, it only actually declares the variablez.y andx are either invalid references to nonexistent variables (instrict mode) or, worse, would implicitly createglobal variables forx andy insloppy mode.

Comparison operators

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a logical value based on whether the comparison is true.The operands can be numerical, string, logical, orobject values.Strings are compared based on standard lexicographical ordering, using Unicode values.In most cases, if the two operands are not of the same type, JavaScript attempts to convert them to an appropriate type for the comparison.This behavior generally results in comparing the operands numerically.The sole exceptions to type conversion within comparisons involve the=== and!== operators, which perform strict equality and inequality comparisons.These operators do not attempt to convert the operands to compatible types before checking equality.The following table describes the comparison operators in terms of this sample code:

js
const var1 = 3;const var2 = 4;
Comparison operators
OperatorDescriptionExamples returning true
Equal (==)Returnstrue if the operands are equal.3 == var1

"3" == var1

3 == '3'
Not equal (!=)Returnstrue if the operands are not equal.var1 != 4
var2 != "3"
Strict equal (===) Returnstrue if the operands are equal and of the same type. See alsoObject.is andsameness in JS.3 === var1
Strict not equal (!==) Returnstrue if the operands are of the same type but not equal, or are of different type.var1 !== "3"
3 !== '3'
Greater than (>) Returnstrue if the left operand is greater than the right operand.var2 > var1
"12" > 2
Greater than or equal (>=) Returnstrue if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand.var2 >= var1
var1 >= 3
Less than (<) Returnstrue if the left operand is less than the right operand.var1 < var2
"2" < 12
Less than or equal (<=) Returnstrue if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand.var1 <= var2
var2 <= 5

Note:=> is not a comparison operator but rather is the notationforArrow functions.

Arithmetic operators

An arithmetic operator takes numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and returns a single numerical value.The standard arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/).These operators work as they do in most other programming languages when used with floating point numbers (in particular, note that division by zero producesInfinity). For example:

js
1 / 2; // 0.51 / 2 === 1.0 / 2.0; // this is true

In addition to the standard arithmetic operations (+,-,*,/), JavaScript provides the arithmetic operators listed in the following table:

Arithmetic operators
OperatorDescriptionExample
Remainder (%) Binary operator. Returns the integer remainder of dividing the two operands.12 % 5 returns 2.
Increment (++) Unary operator. Adds one to its operand. If used as a prefix operator (++x), returns the value of its operand after adding one; if used as a postfix operator (x++), returns the value of its operand before adding one. Ifx is 3, then++x setsx to 4 and returns 4, whereasx++ returns 3 and, only then, setsx to 4.
Decrement (--) Unary operator. Subtracts one from its operand. The return value is analogous to that for the increment operator. Ifx is 3, then--x setsx to 2 and returns 2, whereasx-- returns 3 and, only then, setsx to 2.
Unary negation (-)Unary operator. Returns the negation of its operand.Ifx is 3, then-x returns -3.
Unary plus (+) Unary operator. Attempts toconvert the operand to a number, if it is not already.

+"3" returns3.

+true returns1.

Exponentiation operator (**) Calculates thebase to theexponent power, that is,base^exponent2 ** 3 returns8.
10 ** -1 returns0.1.

Bitwise operators

A bitwise operator treats their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones), ratherthan as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. For example, the decimal number nine hasa binary representation of 1001. Bitwise operators perform their operations on suchbinary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values.

The following table summarizes JavaScript's bitwise operators.

OperatorUsageDescription
Bitwise ANDa & bReturns a one in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of both operands are ones.
Bitwise ORa | bReturns a zero in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of both operands are zeros.
Bitwise XORa ^ bReturns a zero in each bit position for which the corresponding bits are the same. [Returns a one in each bit position for which the corresponding bits are different.]
Bitwise NOT~ aInverts the bits of its operand.
Left shifta << bShiftsa in binary representationb bits to the left, shifting in zeros from the right.
Sign-propagating right shifta >> bShiftsa in binary representationb bits to the right, discarding bits shifted off.
Zero-fill right shifta >>> bShiftsa in binary representationb bits to the right, discarding bits shifted off, and shifting in zeros from the left.

Bitwise logical operators

Conceptually, the bitwise logical operators work as follows:

  • The operands are converted to thirty-two-bit integers and expressed by a series of bits (zeros and ones).Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant bits discarded.For example, the following integer with more than 32 bits will be converted to a 32-bit integer:

    Before: 1110 0110 1111 1010 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0000 0001After:                 1010 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0000 0001
  • Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on.

  • The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise.

For example, the binary representation of nine is 1001, and the binary representation of fifteen is 1111.So, when the bitwise operators are applied to these values, the results are as follows:

ExpressionResultBinary Description
15 & 991111 & 1001 = 1001
15 | 9151111 | 1001 = 1111
15 ^ 961111 ^ 1001 = 0110
~15-16~ 0000 0000 … 0000 1111 = 1111 1111 … 1111 0000
~9-10~ 0000 0000 … 0000 1001 = 1111 1111 … 1111 0110

Note that all 32 bits are inverted using the Bitwise NOT operator, and that values withthe most significant (left-most) bit set to 1 represent negative numbers(two's-complement representation).~x evaluates to the same value that-x - 1 evaluates to.

Bitwise shift operators

The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to beshifted.The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.

Shift operators convert their operands to thirty-two-bit integers and return a result of either typeNumber orBigInt: specifically, if the typeof the left operand isBigInt, they returnBigInt;otherwise, they returnNumber.

The shift operators are listed in the following table.

Bitwise shift operators
OperatorDescriptionExample
Left shift
(<<)
This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the left are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the right.9<<2 yields 36, because 1001 shifted 2 bits to the left becomes 100100, which is 36.
Sign-propagating right shift (>>) This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Copies of the leftmost bit are shifted in from the left.9>>2 yields 2, because 1001 shifted 2 bits to the right becomes 10, which is 2. Likewise,-9>>2 yields -3, because the sign is preserved.
Zero-fill right shift (>>>) This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the left.19>>>2 yields 4, because 10011 shifted 2 bits to the right becomes 100, which is 4. For non-negative numbers, zero-fill right shift and sign-propagating right shift yield the same result.

Logical operators

Logical operators are typically used with Boolean (logical) values; when they are, they return a Boolean value.However, the&&,||, and?? operators actually return the value of one of the specified operands, so if theseoperators are used with non-Boolean values, they may return a non-Boolean value. As such, they are more adequately called "value selection operators".The logical operators are described in the following table.

Logical operators
OperatorUsageDescription
Logical AND (&&)expr1 && expr2 Returnsexpr1 if it can be converted tofalse; otherwise, returnsexpr2. Thus, when used with Boolean values,&& returnstrue if both operands are true; otherwise, returnsfalse.
Logical OR (||)expr1 || expr2 Returnsexpr1 if it can be converted totrue; otherwise, returnsexpr2. Thus, when used with Boolean values,|| returnstrue if either operand is true; if both are false, returnsfalse.
Nullish coalescing operator (??)expr1 ?? expr2 Returnsexpr1 if it is neithernull norundefined; otherwise, returnsexpr2.
Logical NOT (!)!expr Returnsfalse if its single operand can be converted totrue; otherwise, returnstrue.

Examples of expressions that can be converted tofalse are those that evaluate tonull,0,0n,NaN, the empty string (""), orundefined.

The following code shows examples of the&& (logical AND) operator.

js
const a1 = true && true; // t && t returns trueconst a2 = true && false; // t && f returns falseconst a3 = false && true; // f && t returns falseconst a4 = false && 3 === 4; // f && f returns falseconst a5 = "Cat" && "Dog"; // t && t returns Dogconst a6 = false && "Cat"; // f && t returns falseconst a7 = "Cat" && false; // t && f returns false

The following code shows examples of the|| (logical OR) operator.

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const o1 = true || true; // t || t returns trueconst o2 = false || true; // f || t returns trueconst o3 = true || false; // t || f returns trueconst o4 = false || 3 === 4; // f || f returns falseconst o5 = "Cat" || "Dog"; // t || t returns Catconst o6 = false || "Cat"; // f || t returns Catconst o7 = "Cat" || false; // t || f returns Cat

The following code shows examples of the?? (nullish coalescing) operator.

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const n1 = null ?? 1; // 1const n2 = undefined ?? 2; // 2const n3 = false ?? 3; // falseconst n4 = 0 ?? 4; // 0

Note how?? works like||, but it only returns the second expression when the first one is "nullish", i.e.,null orundefined.?? is a better alternative than|| for setting defaults for values that might benull orundefined, in particular when values like'' or0 are valid values and the default should not apply.

The following code shows examples of the! (logical NOT) operator.

js
const n1 = !true; // !t returns falseconst n2 = !false; // !f returns trueconst n3 = !"Cat"; // !t returns false

Short-circuit evaluation

As logical expressions are evaluated left to right, they are tested for possible"short-circuit" evaluation using the following rules:

  • falsy && anything is short-circuit evaluated to the falsy value.
  • truthy || anything is short-circuit evaluated to the truthy value.
  • nonNullish ?? anything is short-circuit evaluated to the non-nullish value.

The rules of logic guarantee that these evaluations are always correct. Note that theanything part of the above expressions is not evaluated, so any side effects ofdoing so do not take effect.

BigInt operators

Most operators that can be used between numbers can be used betweenBigInt values as well.

js
// BigInt additionconst a = 1n + 2n; // 3n// Division with BigInts round towards zeroconst b = 1n / 2n; // 0n// Bitwise operations with BigInts do not truncate either sideconst c = 40000000000000000n >> 2n; // 10000000000000000n

One exception isunsigned right shift (>>>), which is not defined for BigInt values. This is because a BigInt does not have a fixed width, so technically it does not have a "highest bit".

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const d = 8n >>> 2n; // TypeError: BigInts have no unsigned right shift, use >> instead

BigInts and numbers are not mutually replaceable — you cannot mix them in calculations.

js
const a = 1n + 2; // TypeError: Cannot mix BigInt and other types

This is because BigInt is neither a subset nor a superset of numbers. BigInts have higher precision than numbers when representing large integers, but cannot represent decimals, so implicit conversion on either side might lose precision. Use explicit conversion to signal whether you wish the operation to be a number operation or a BigInt one.

js
const a = Number(1n) + 2; // 3const b = 1n + BigInt(2); // 3n

You can compare BigInts with numbers.

js
const a = 1n > 2; // falseconst b = 3 > 2n; // true

String operators

In addition to the comparison operators, which can be used on string values, the concatenation operator (+) concatenates two string values together, returning another string that is the union of the two operand strings.

For example,

js
console.log("my " + "string"); // console logs the string "my string".

The shorthand assignment operator+= can also be used to concatenate strings.

For example,

js
let myString = "alpha";myString += "bet"; // evaluates to "alphabet" and assigns this value to myString.

Conditional (ternary) operator

Theconditional operatoris the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands.The operator can have one of two values based on a condition.The syntax is:

js
condition ? val1 : val2

Ifcondition is true, the operator has the value ofval1.Otherwise it has the value ofval2. You can use the conditional operator anywhere you would use a standard operator.

For example,

js
const status = age >= 18 ? "adult" : "minor";

This statement assigns the value "adult" to the variablestatus ifage is eighteen or more. Otherwise, it assigns the value "minor" tostatus.

Comma operator

Thecomma operator (,)evaluates both of its operands and returns the value of the last operand.This operator is primarily used inside afor loop, to allow multiple variables to be updated each time through the loop.It is regarded bad style to use it elsewhere, when it is not necessary.Often two separate statements can and should be used instead.

For example, ifa is a 2-dimensional array with 10 elements on a side, the following code uses the comma operator to update two variables at once.The code prints the values of the diagonal elements in the array:

js
const x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];const a = [x, x, x, x, x];for (let i = 0, j = 9; i <= j; i++, j--) {  //                              ^  console.log(`a[${i}][${j}]= ${a[i][j]}`);}

Unary operators

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

delete

Thedelete operator deletes an object's property.The syntax is:

js
delete object.property;delete object[propertyKey];delete objectName[index];

whereobject is the name of an object,property is an existing property, andpropertyKey is a string or symbol referring to an existing property.

If thedelete operator succeeds, it removes the property from the object.Trying to access it afterwards will yieldundefined.Thedelete operator returnstrue if the operation is possible; it returnsfalse if the operation is not possible.

js
delete Math.PI; // returns false (cannot delete non-configurable properties)const myObj = { h: 4 };delete myObj.h; // returns true (can delete user-defined properties)

Deleting array elements

Since arrays are just objects, it's technically possible todelete elements from them.This is, however, regarded as a bad practice — try to avoid it.When you delete an array property, the array length is not affected and other elements are not re-indexed.To achieve that behavior, it is much better to just overwrite the element with the valueundefined.To actually manipulate the array, use the various array methods such assplice.

typeof

Thetypeof operator returns a string indicating the type of the unevaluated operand.operand is the string, variable, keyword, or object for which the type is to be returned.The parentheses are optional.

Suppose you define the following variables:

js
const myFun = () => 5 + 2;const shape = "round";const size = 1;const foo = ["Apple", "Mango", "Orange"];const today = new Date();

Thetypeof operator returns the following results for these variables:

js
typeof myFun; // returns "function"typeof shape; // returns "string"typeof size; // returns "number"typeof foo; // returns "object"typeof today; // returns "object"typeof doesntExist; // returns "undefined"

For the keywordstrue andnull, thetypeofoperator returns the following results:

js
typeof true; // returns "boolean"typeof null; // returns "object"

For a number or string, thetypeof operator returns the following results:

js
typeof 62; // returns "number"typeof "Hello world"; // returns "string"

For property values, thetypeof operator returns the type of value theproperty contains:

js
typeof document.lastModified; // returns "string"typeof window.length; // returns "number"typeof Math.LN2; // returns "number"

For methods and functions, thetypeof operator returns results as follows:

js
typeof blur; // returns "function"typeof parseInt; // returns "function"typeof shape.split; // returns "function"

For predefined objects, thetypeof operator returns results as follows:

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typeof Date; // returns "function"typeof Function; // returns "function"typeof Math; // returns "object"typeof Option; // returns "function"typeof String; // returns "function"

void

Thevoid operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value.expression is a JavaScript expression to evaluate.The parentheses surrounding the expression are optional, but it is good style to use them to avoid precedence issues.

Relational operators

A relational operator compares its operands and returns a Boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

in

Thein operator returnstrue if the specified property is in the specified object.The syntax is:

js
propNameOrNumber in objectName

wherepropNameOrNumber is a string, numeric, or symbol expression representing a property name or array index, andobjectName is the name of an object.

The following examples show some uses of thein operator.

js
// Arraysconst trees = ["redwood", "bay", "cedar", "oak", "maple"];0 in trees; // returns true3 in trees; // returns true6 in trees; // returns false"bay" in trees; // returns false// (you must specify the index number, not the value at that index)"length" in trees; // returns true (length is an Array property)// built-in objects"PI" in Math; // returns trueconst myString = new String("coral");"length" in myString; // returns true// Custom objectsconst myCar = { make: "Honda", model: "Accord", year: 1998 };"make" in myCar; // returns true"model" in myCar; // returns true

instanceof

Theinstanceof operator returnstrueif the specified object is of the specified object type. The syntax is:

js
object instanceof objectType

whereobject is the object to test againstobjectType, andobjectType is a constructor representing a type, such asMap orArray.

Useinstanceof when you need to confirm the type of an object at runtime.For example, when catching exceptions, you can branch to different exception-handling code depending on the type of exception thrown.

For example, the following code usesinstanceof to determine whetherobj is aMap object. Becauseobj is aMap object, the statements inside theif block execute.

js
const obj = new Map();if (obj instanceof Map) {  // statements to execute}

Basic expressions

All operators eventually operate on one or more basic expressions. These basic expressions includeidentifiers andliterals, but there are a few other kinds as well. They are briefly introduced below, and their semantics are described in detail in their respective reference sections.

this

Thethis keyword is usually used within a function. In general, when the function is attached to an object as a method,this refers to the object that the method is called on. It functions like a hidden parameter that is passed to the function.this is an expression that evaluates to the object, so you can use all the object operations we introduced.

js
this["propertyName"];this.propertyName;doSomething(this);

For example, suppose a function is defined as follows:

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function getFullName() {  return `${this.firstName} ${this.lastName}`;}

We can now attach this function to an object, and it will use the properties of that object when called:

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const person1 = {  firstName: "Chris",  lastName: "Martin",};const person2 = {  firstName: "Chester",  lastName: "Bennington",};// Attach the same functionperson1.getFullName = getFullName;person2.getFullName = getFullName;console.log(person1.getFullName()); // "Chris Martin"console.log(person2.getFullName()); // "Chester Bennington"

Grouping operator

The grouping operator( ) controls the precedence of evaluation inexpressions. For example, you can override multiplication and division first, thenaddition and subtraction to evaluate addition first.

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const a = 1;const b = 2;const c = 3;// default precedencea + b * c; // 7// evaluated by default like thisa + (b * c); // 7// now overriding precedence// addition before multiplication(a + b) * c; // 9// which is equivalent toa * c + b * c; // 9

Property accessor

Theproperty accessor syntax gets property values on objects, using either dot notation or bracket notation.

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object.property;object["property"];

Theworking with objects guide goes into more details about object properties.

Optional chaining

Theoptional chaining syntax (?.) performs the chained operation on an object if it is defined and non-null, and otherwise short-circuits the operation and returnsundefined.This allows you to operate on a value that may benull orundefined without causing aTypeError.

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maybeObject?.property;maybeObject?.[property];maybeFunction?.();

new

You can use thenew operator to create an instance of a user-defined object type or of one of the built-in object types. Usenew as follows:

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const objectName = new ObjectType(param1, param2, /* …, */ paramN);

super

Thesuper keyword is used to call functions on an object's parent.It is useful withclasses to call the parent constructor, for example.

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super(args); // calls the parent constructor.super.functionOnParent(args);

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