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<p>: The Paragraph element

BaselineWidely available

The<p>HTML element represents a paragraph. Paragraphs are usually represented in visual media as blocks of text separated from adjacent blocks by blank lines and/or first-line indentation, but HTML paragraphs can be any structural grouping of related content, such as images or form fields.

Paragraphs areblock-level elements, and notably will automatically close if another block-level element is parsed before the closing</p> tag. See "Tag omission" below.

Try it

<p>  Geckos are a group of usually small, usually nocturnal lizards. They are found  on every continent except Antarctica.</p><p>  Some species live in houses where they hunt insects attracted by artificial  light.</p>
p {  margin: 10px 0;  padding: 5px;  border: 1px solid #999;}

Attributes

This element only includes theglobal attributes.

Note:Thealign attribute on<p> tags is obsolete and shouldn't be used.

Accessibility

Breaking up content into paragraphs helps make a page more accessible. Screen-readers and other assistive technology provide shortcuts to let their users skip to the next or previous paragraph, letting them skim content like how white space lets visual users skip around.

Using empty<p> elements to add space between paragraphs is problematic for people who navigate with screen-reading technology. Screen readers may announce the paragraph's presence, but not any content contained within it — because there is none. This can confuse and frustrate the person using the screen reader.

If extra space is desired, useCSS properties likemargin to create the effect:

css
p {  margin-bottom: 2em; /* increase white space after a paragraph */}

Examples

HTML

html
<p>  This is the first paragraph of text. This is the first paragraph of text. This  is the first paragraph of text. This is the first paragraph of text.</p><p>  This is the second paragraph. This is the second paragraph. This is the second  paragraph. This is the second paragraph.</p>

Result

Styling paragraphs

By default, browsers separate paragraphs with a single blank line. Alternate separation methods, such as first-line indentation, can be achieved withCSS:

HTML

html
<p>  Separating paragraphs with blank lines is easiest for readers to scan, but  they can also be separated by indenting their first lines. This is often used  to take up less space, such as to save paper in print.</p><p>  Writing that is intended to be edited, such as school papers and rough drafts,  uses both blank lines and indentation for separation. In finished works,  combining both is considered redundant and amateurish.</p><p>  In very old writing, paragraphs were separated with a special character: ¶,  the <i>pilcrow</i>. Nowadays, this is considered claustrophobic and hard to  read.</p><p>  How hard to read? See for yourself:  <button data-toggle-text="Oh no! Switch back!">    Use pilcrow for paragraphs  </button></p>

CSS

css
p {  margin: 0;  text-indent: 3ch;}p.pilcrow {  text-indent: 0;  display: inline;}p.pilcrow + p.pilcrow::before {  content: " ¶ ";}

JavaScript

js
document.querySelector("button").addEventListener("click", (event) => {  document.querySelectorAll("p").forEach((paragraph) => {    paragraph.classList.toggle("pilcrow");  });  [event.target.innerText, event.target.dataset.toggleText] = [    event.target.dataset.toggleText,    event.target.innerText,  ];});

Result

Technical summary

Content categoriesFlow content, palpable content.
Permitted contentPhrasing content.
Tag omission The start tag is required. The end tag may be omitted if the<p> element is immediately followed by an<address>,<article>,<aside>,<blockquote>,<details>,<div>,<dl>,<fieldset>,<figcaption>,<figure>,<footer>,<form>,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,<header>,<hgroup>,<hr>,<main>,<menu>,<nav>,<ol>,<pre>,<search>,<section>,<table>,<ul> or another<p> element, or if there is no more content in the parent element and the parent element is not an<a>,<audio>,<del>,<ins>,<map>,<noscript> or<video> element, or an autonomous custom element.
Permitted parents Any element that acceptsflow content.
Implicit ARIA roleparagraph
Permitted ARIA rolesAny
DOM interfaceHTMLParagraphElement

Specifications

Specification
HTML
# the-p-element

Browser compatibility

See also

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