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CSS multi-column layout

TheCSS multi-column layout module lets you divide content across multiple columns. By using the properties in this module, you can define the preferred number and width of columns, the gap size between columns, and the visual appearance of the optional column dividing lines (known as column rules). You can also define how content should flow from column to column and how to break content between columns.

Multi-column layout in action

In this example, the 1967 speech from Canada's centennial,A Lament for Confederation, by Chief Dan George, is displayed across multiple columns, similar to the way articles are displayed in printed newspapers. If you have JavaScript enabled, controls enable changing the preferred column number and width, the width of the gap between columns, whether the title and a sample blockquote should be contained in a single column or made to span all columns, and whether breaking within the paragraphs should be avoided.

<article>  <div>    <h1>A Lament for Confederation</h1>    <p>&mdash;Chief Dan George, 1967</p>  </div>  <p>    How long have I known you, Oh Canada? A hundred years? Yes, a hundred years.    And many, many tides more. And today, when you celebrate your hundred years,    Oh Canada, I am sad for all the Indian people throughout the land.  </p>  <p>    For I have known you when your forests were mine; when they gave me my meat    and my clothing. I have known you in your fruits and rivers where your fish    flashed and danced in the sun, where the waters said 'come and eat of my    abundance.' I have known you in the freedom of your winds. And my spirit,    like your winds, once roamed this good lands.  </p>  <blockquote>    <p>      But in long the hundred years since the white man came, I have seen that      freedom disappear just like the salmon going mysteriously out to sea.    </p>  </blockquote>  <p>    The white man's strange customs I could not understand, pressed down upon me    until I could no longer breathe.  </p>  <p>    When I fought to protect my home and my land, I was called a savage. When I    neither understood nor welcomed this new way of life, I was called lazy.    When I tried to rule my people, I was stripped of my authority.  </p>  <p>    My nation was ignored in your history textbooks – we were less important in    the history of Canada than the buffalo that ranged the plains. I was    ridiculed in your plays and motion pictures, and when I drank your    fire-water, I got drunk – very, very drunk. And I forgot.  </p>  <p>    Oh Canada, how can I celebrate with you this centenary, this hundred years?    Shall I thank you for the reserves that are left me of my beautiful forests?    Shall I thank you for the canned fish of my rivers? Shall I thank you for    the loss of my pride and authority, even among my own people? For the lack    of my will to fight back? No! I must forget what is past and gone.  </p>  <p>    Oh God in heaven! Give me the courage of the olden chiefs. Let me wrestle    with my surroundings. Let me once again, as in the days of old, dominate my    environment. Let me humbly accept this new culture and through it rise up    and go on.  </p>  <p>    Oh god, like the thunderbird of old, I shall rise again out of the sea. I    shall grab the instruments of the white man's success – his education, his    skills, and with these new tools I shall build my race into the proudest    segment of your society. And, before I follow the great chiefs who have gone    before us, I shall see these things come to pass.  </p>  <p>    I shall see our young braves and our chiefs sitting in the house of law and    government, ruling and being ruled by the knowledge and freedoms of our    great land. So shall we shatter the barriers of our isolation. So shall the    next hundred years be the greatest in the proud history of our tribes and    nations.  </p></article><fieldset>  <legend>    <button aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="controls">      Column options    </button>  </legend>  <div>    <p>      <input type="range" min="0" max="5" value="5" />      <label for="colCount">Max # of columns:</label>    </p>    <p>      <input type="range" min="2" max="40" value="10" step="2" />      <label for="colWidth">Min width of columns:</label>    </p>    <p>      <input type="range" min="0" max="10" value="1" step="0.5" />      <label for="gapSize">Gap size:</label>    </p>    <p>      <input type="checkbox" checked />      <label for="colSpan">Byline spans all columns</label>    </p>    <p>      <input type="checkbox" />      <label for="blockSpan">Blockquote spans all columns</label>    </p>    <p>      <input type="checkbox" />      <label for="colFill">Balance columns</label>    </p>    <p>      <input type="checkbox" />      <label for="break">Don't break paragraphs</label>    </p>  </div></fieldset>
const page = document.querySelector("article");const title = document.querySelector(".title");const options = document.querySelector("#options");const legend = document.querySelector("#options > legend");const legendBtn = document.querySelector("#options > legend > button");const blockquote = document.getElementsByTagName("blockquote")[0];const colCount = document.getElementById("colCount");const colWidth = document.getElementById("colWidth");const gapSize = document.getElementById("gapSize");const colSpan = document.getElementById("colSpan");const blockSpan = document.getElementById("blockSpan");const colFill = document.getElementById("colFill");const breakP = document.getElementById("break");// make options visible if js is enabledoptions.style.display = "revert";legendBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {  showAndHideMenu();});colCount.addEventListener("change", () => {  page.style.columnCount = colCount.value;});colWidth.addEventListener("change", () => {  page.style.columnWidth = `${colWidth.value}em`;});gapSize.addEventListener("change", () => {  page.style.gap = `${gapSize.value}em`;});colSpan.addEventListener("change", () => {  setColSpan(colSpan, title);});blockSpan.addEventListener("change", () => {  setColSpan(blockSpan, blockquote);});colFill.addEventListener("change", () => {  if (colFill.checked) {    page.style.columnFill = "balance";  } else {    page.style.columnFill = "auto";  }});breakP.addEventListener("change", () => {  if (breakP.checked) {    page.classList.add("breakInside");  } else {    page.classList.remove("breakInside");  }});function showAndHideMenu() {  if (legendBtn.getAttribute("aria-expanded") === "true") {    // close it    legendBtn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", "false");    legend.classList.add("closed");    legend.classList.remove("open");  } else {    // open it    legendBtn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", "true");    legend.classList.remove("closed");    legend.classList.add("open");  }}function setColSpan(control, element) {  if (control.checked) {    element.style.columnSpan = "all";  } else {    element.style.columnSpan = "none";  }}
article {  column-count: 5;  column-width: 8em;  widows: 3;  orphans: 3;  gap: 1em;  column-rule: 2px dashed #666666;  height: 50em;}.title {  column-span: all;  display: flex;  align-items: baseline;  gap: 1em;  flex-wrap: wrap;}p {  margin: 0 0 1em 0;  line-height: 1.4;}.breakInside * {  break-inside: avoid;}#options {  position: fixed;  top: 1rem;  right: 1rem;  background: white;  display: none;}fieldset p {  margin-bottom: 0.25em;}legend {  position: relative;  top: 0;  transition: 200ms;}legend.closed {  top: 0.75em;}legend.closed + #controls {  display: none;}legend {  background-color: #dedede;  padding: 0.5em;}legend > button {  all: unset;  cursor: pointer;}legend.closed {  margin: -1em;  display: inline-block;}blockquote {  border: 2px dashed red;  margin: 0 0 0.25em 0;}blockquote p {  margin-bottom: 0;}blockquote p::before,blockquote p::after {  content: '"';  font-size: 1.2em;  vertical-align: baseline;  color: red;}

Note:Multiple-column layout is closely related topaged media. Each column box is a fragment, much like each printed page is a fragment of a document. Using the properties defined in theCSS fragmentation module, you can control how content breaks between columns and pages.

Reference

Properties

Note:Bear in mind that setting container height and line length can pose challenges for people with visual or cognitive disabilities.WCAG Success Criterion 1.4.8 states that even when the text size is doubled, content should not need to be scrolled.

Selectors and pseudo-elements

Guides

Basic concepts of multi-column layouts

Overview of the multiple-column layout specification.

Using multi-column layouts

Guide to using multi-column properties for laying out text.

Styling columns

Guide to styling columns and managing spacing between columns.

Spanning and balancing

How to make elements span across all columns and control the way columns are filled.

Handling overflow in multi-column layout

What happens when an item overflows the column it is in and what happens when there is too much columned content to fit a container.

Handling content breaks in multi-column layout

Introduction to the fragmentation specification and how to control where column content breaks.

Creating CSS carousels

Create pure-CSS carousel UI features using scroll buttons, scroll markers, and generated columns.

Related concepts

CSS fragmentation module

CSS box alignment module

CSS box sizing module

CSS overflow module

CSS display module

Specifications

Specification
CSS Multi-column Layout Module Level 1
CSS Multi-column Layout Module Level 2

See also

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