One major source ofprivacy andsecurity problems on the web is content embedded in<iframe> elements. Historically<iframe>s have been used to set third-party cookies, which can be used to share information and track users across sites. In addition, content embedded in an<iframe> can communicate with its embedding document (for example, usingWindow.postMessage()).

The embedding document can also use scripting to read various forms of information from the<iframe> — for example you can potentially get significant tracking/fingerprinting data from reading the embedded URL from thesrc property, especially if it containsURL parameters. The<iframe> can also access the embedding context's DOM, and vice versa.

Most modern browsers are working on mechanisms to partition storage so that cookie data can no longer be used for tracking (for example seeCookies Having Independent Partitioned State (CHIPS) orFirefox State Partitioning).

<fencedframe> elements aim to solve another piece of this puzzle — they are very similar to<iframe>s in form and function, except that:

• Communication cannot be shared between the<fencedframe> content and its embedding site.
• A<fencedframe> can access cross-site data, but only in a very specific set of controlled circumstances that preserve user privacy.
• A<fencedframe> cannot be freely manipulated or have its data accessed via regular scripting (for example reading or setting the source URL).<fencedframe> content can only be embedded viaspecific APIs.
• A<fencedframe> cannot access the embedding context's DOM, nor can the embedding context access the<fencedframe>'s DOM.

For more information about the communication model of fenced frames, read thecommunication with embedded frames guide.

<fencedframe>s are used by other APIs to embed different types of cross-site content or collect data, fulfilling different use cases in a privacy-preserving manner. Most of these previously relied on third-party cookies or other mechanisms that were bad for privacy.

• TheShared Storage API provides access to unpartitioned cross-site data in a secure environment, calculating and/or displaying results in a<fencedframe>. For example:
  • Advertisers can measure the reach of an ad, or serve subsequent ads based on which ones users have already seen on other sites.
  • Developers can do A/B testing, showing variants to a user based on a group they are assigned to, or based on how many users have seen each one already.
  • Businesses can customize the user's experience based on what they have seen on other sites. For example, if they have already purchased membership, you might not want to show them membership sign-up ads across your other properties.
• TheProtected Audience API allows developers to implement interest group-based advertising, namely remarketing and custom audience use cases. It can evaluate multiple bids for ad space and display the winning ad in a<fencedframe>.
• ThePrivate Aggregation API can gather data from<fencedframe>s (originating from shared storage or the Protected Audience API) and create aggregated reports.

As mentioned above, you don't control the content embedded in a<fencedframe> directly via regular script.

To set what content will be shown in a<fencedframe>, a utilizing API (such asProtected Audience orShared Storage) generates aFencedFrameConfig object, which is then set via JavaScript as the value of the<fencedframe>'sHTMLFencedFrameElement.config property.

The following example gets aFencedFrameConfig from a Protected Audience API's ad auction, which is then used to display the winning ad in a<fencedframe>:

const frameConfig = await navigator.runAdAuction({  // … auction configuration  resolveToConfig: true,});const frame = document.createElement("fencedframe");frame.config = frameConfig;

resolveToConfig: true must be passed in to therunAdAuction() call to obtain aFencedFrameConfig object. IfresolveToConfig is set tofalse, the resultingPromise will resolve to an opaqueURN (for exampleurn:uuid:c36973b5-e5d9-de59-e4c4-364f137b3c7a) that can only be used in an<iframe>.

Either way, the browser stores a URL containing the target location of the content to embed — mapped to the opaque URN, or theFencedFrameConfig's internalurl property. The URL value cannot be read by JavaScript running in the embedding context.

Inside documents embedded in<fencedframe>s, JavaScript has access to aWindow.fence property that returns aFence instance for that document. This object contains several functions specifically relevant to fenced frame API functionality.For example,Fence.reportEvent() provides a way to trigger the submission of report data via abeacon to one or more specified URLs, in order to report ad views and clicks.

Only specific features designed to be used in<fencedframe>s can be enabled via permissions policies set on them; other policy-controlled features are not available in this context. SeePermissions policies available to fenced frames for more details.

ASec-Fetch-Dest header with a value offencedframe will be set for any requests made from inside a<fencedframe>, including child<iframe>s embedded within a<fencedframe>.

Sec-Fetch-Dest: fencedframe

The server must set aSupports-Loading-Mode response header with a value offenced-frame for any document intended to be loaded into a<fencedframe>, or<iframe> embedded within a<fencedframe>.

Supports-Loading-Mode: fenced-frame

Other effects of fenced frames on HTTP headers are as follows:

• User-agent client hints are not available inside fenced frames because they rely onpermissions policy delegation, which could be used to leak data.
• StrictCross-Origin-Opener-Policy settings are enforced on new browsing contexts opened from inside fenced frames, otherwise they could be used to leak information to other origins. Any new window opened from inside a fenced frame will haverel="noopener" andCross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin set to ensure thatWindow.opener returnsnull and place it in its own browsing context group.
• Content-Security-Policy: fenced-frame-src has been added for specifying valid sources for nested browsing contexts loaded into<fencedframe> elements.
• Content-Security-Policy: sandbox custom settings cannot be inherited by fenced frames, to mitigate privacy issues. For a fenced frame to load, you need to specify nosandbox CSP (which implies the below values), or specify the following sandbox values:
  • allow-same-origin
  • allow-forms
  • allow-scripts
  • allow-popups
  • allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox
  • allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation

beforeunload andunload events do not fire on fenced frames, because they can leak information in the form of a page deletion timestamp. Implementations aim to eliminate as many potential leakages as possible.

FencedFrameConfig

Represents the navigation of a<fencedframe>, i.e., what content will be displayed in it. AFencedFrameConfig is returned from a source such as theProtected Audience API and set as the value ofHTMLFencedFrameElement.config.

Fence

Contains several functions relevant to fenced frame functionality. Available only to documents embedded inside a<fencedframe>.

HTMLFencedFrameElement

Represents a<fencedframe> element in JavaScript and provides properties to configure it.

Navigator.deprecatedReplaceInURN()

Substitutes specified strings inside the mapped URL corresponding to a given opaque URN orFencedFrameConfig's internalurl property.

Window.fence

Returns aFence object instance for the current document context. Available only to documents embedded inside a<fencedframe>.

Certain API features that createFencedFrameConfigs such asNavigator.runAdAuction() (Protected Audience API) andWindowSharedStorage.selectURL() (Shared Storage API), as well as other features such asFence.reportEvent(), require you to enroll your site in aprivacy sandbox enrollment process. If you don't do this, the API calls will fail with a console warning.

The following demos all make use of<fencedframe>s:

• Shared Storage API demos (which also includes some Private Aggregation API examples)
• Protected Audience API demo

One browser vendoropposes this specification.Known standards positions are as follows:

• Mozilla (Firefox):Negative

• Fenced frames on privacysandbox.google.com
• The Privacy Sandbox on privacysandbox.google.com