Flake8 is like lint and LEGO® bricks. A great combination.

You know the fuzzies that inevitably get intermixed with the bricks over time?

Those are not what I am writing about.

Flake8 is inherently modular, brick-like. Alinter is a tool designed to hurt your feelings: it tells you when your code is malformed, even when the code itself executes fine.

WithFlake8, you build the linting solution you desire, installing and configuring plugins accordingly.

This article chronicles the ever-evolving list of Flake8 tools and plugins I use to help keep Python code well-formed.

What Flake8 plugins or other tools do you use for linting Python? Comments are welcome.

Flake8 installation

Chances are your package manager has Flake8 available (as indnf install python3-flake8 orapt install flake8 orbrew install flake8), or you could do something bold likesudo python3 -m pip install flake8.

However, I strongly recommend installing Flake8 (or any Python packages) in a virtual environment instead. Feel free toread my article on Python virtual environments for an overview. (No need to read it all; just thevenv orvirtualenv or Poetry parts are an adequate introduction).

If youknow that you want the same Flake8 available system-wide, not just in some virtual environments, then installing it with your package manager makes sense, oruse pipx by installing pipx first, then usingpipx install flake8. This will work fine on Windows, as well. You can also use pipx to install Flake8 plugins as inpipx install flake8-bugbear. Again, not recommended, but I trust you know what you are doing.

If you have usedvenv orvirtualenv to create a new virtual environment, thenactivate it first, then:

pip install flake8

If you would like to install all the plugins discussed in this article, you could instead:

pip install darglint flake8 flake8-bandit flake8-bugbear flake8-builtins flake8-comprehensions flake8-docstrings flake8-eradicate flake8-isort flake8-pytest-style flake8-spellcheck flakehell pep8-naming

Or you can downloadmyrequirements-flake8.txt file andpip install -r requirements-flake8.txt

Or you coulduse Poetry instead:

poetry new --src lintingprojectcd lintingprojectpoetry add darglint flake8 flake8-bandit flake8-bugbear flake8-builtins flake8-comprehensions flake8-docstrings flake8-eradicate flake8-isort flake8-pytest-style flake8-spellcheck flakehell pep8-naming

But I think that installing them all may be a bit ambitious. Why not instead review the list below, suggest some of your own, and we can all judiciously select the plugins that suit us? Brick by brick.

Running Flake8

To make Flake8 lint your code, run it from the command line, specifying the module, like this:

flake8 ./src/lintingproject/mymodule.py

or the whole package directory, like this:

flake8 ./src/lintingproject/

Using Poetry, you would try something like this:

poetry run flake8 ./src/lintingproject

Add some plugins to make it more interesting...

Flakehell

FlakeHell is not a Flake8 plugin, per se. It is a tool, a wrapper around Flake8. I like to use it because I can then configure Flake8 using a single centralizedpyproject.toml file, and becauseFlakeHell has pretty output.

Seemy write-up about FlakeHell if you are interested.

To run Flakehell, try something like

flakehell lint ./src/lintingproject/

Honestly, I am not sure whyFlakeHell isn't more popular. Feel free to comment about why you hate, love, or ignore this tool.

flake8-bugbear

A longstanding and popular Flake8 plugin,flake8-bugbear brings together a variety of linting opinions sure to cause you constructive discomfort.

For instance, it will warn (with codeB006) if you set default function parameters that are mutable, as indef my_function(param1=[1,2,3]) instead ofdef my_function(param1=(1,2,3)) (lists are mutable, tuples are not).

Seethe list of warnings provided by this Swiss-army knife of plugins.

pep8-naming

Another plugin with a general assortment of warnings,pep8-naming looks toPEP 8 for code style guidance.

For example, it will warn if appropriate upper/lowercase guidelines are not followed, and if an instance method does not haveself as the first argument (shame on you for usings, for instance). For the most part, this plugin makes me pay attention to case.

See theerror codes for more detail.

flake8-builtins

Ishould have all the Python key words memorized, and Ishould carefully avoid using them in my own code. But, oh, the negligence. And the tears.

Thankfully,flake8-builtins happily slaps my wrists when I forget and use, for instance,list as a variable name.

flake8-docstrings andDarglint

I admit: if I don't have an annoying robot reminding me to write docstrings, and write them well, I will blissfully write functions and modules without them.

That robot is formed by two tools:flake8-docstrings andDarglint.

Flake8-docstrings followsPEP 257 conventions and complains if you sidestep them. It can also be configured to insist on usingGoogle's orNumpy's docstring style guides.

Darglint takes this one step further and will check your function arguments andreturn statements, and make sure you have followed the guidance of Google or Numpy or evenSphinx and included the appropriately named documentation.

flake8-isort

I do loveisort. This tool sorts your imports "so you don't have to," sorting alphabetically, and separating into sections and by type.

Need encouragement to get your import order right? Theflake8-isort plugin will output warnings if the imports are not grouped, spaced, and ordered according to isort's configuration.

flake8-spellcheck

Note:flake8-spellcheck is more or less English only. If you want to use other human languages, skip this one or be prepared to adda lot of words to the allow list.

I love and hate theflake8-spellcheck plugin. It takes more of my attention than any other Flake8 plugin, because I am constantly needing to add words to the allowed spelling list.

That said, I enjoy the discipline. If I am using variable and module names (and words in comments) that are not actual words, can I really be confident that other developers (or me, a year later) will understand the code?

flake8-comprehensions

If list, dict, and setcomprehensions aren't your thing, then skip this one (and ask yourself why you are not using these powerful Python features). But, wow, if they are, theflake8-comprehensions plugin is pure gold.

It will warn you if you are using one type of comprehension when another will do, or if you are using a generator when a comprehension will work.

Seethe list of warnings for a full explanation.

flake8-bandit

Bandit is a security audit tool for Python, flagging vulnerable code.Flake8-bandit connects this tool with Flake8.

See thelist of Bandit test plugins to see what sorts of warnings you might expect.

flake8-eradicate

This one is a pain, but good.

Ever comment out code to disable it, but save it for later, as though version control weren't a thing? Of course, I tell myself, it is only temporary. Until a year and a half later I see the commented out code and wonder if:

• I forgot to delete it
• or forgot to re-enable it

Unsure? Yeah.

Eradicate is a tool that finds valid Python code in your comments. In other words, it roots out "dead code."Flake8-eradicate allows Flake8 to emit warnings when this dead code is found.

flake8-pytest-style

Pytest is a powerful and easy-to-use Python testing framework. Not surprisingly, there are good and not-so-good style choices that can be made with pytest tests.

Flake8-pytest-style ferrets out stylistic offenses in your pytest tests.

wemake-python-styleguide

I do not regularly use thewemake-python-styleguide as I end up spending an inordinate amount of time selectively disabling the warnings per line or per file of Python code.

That said, if you want to enter a very stylistically opinionated world for a time, to encourage greater finesse in your coding, it is a great tool. Think of it as a suite of Flake8 plugins. A suite that crashes down on you from lofty heights.

Configuring Flake8 and plugins

Flake8 has a powerful configuration mechanism, using.flake8,setup.cfg, ortox.ini files. Plugins and warnings can be disabled per file (or even per line with# noqa comments). Seethe configuration documentation for more info.

If you choose to useFlakeHell, it can be configured inpyproject.toml. SeeFlakeHell's configuration docs for more info.

Other plugins?

Are there Flake8 plugins or other Python linting tools you use and recommend? Feel free to leave comments!

For inspiration, check outthis curated awesome list.